In China being politically qualified zhengzhi hege 政治合格 is important and helps you get into university and graduate school. The politics exam questions change each time naturally enough. Students study last year’s exam to help them prepare for their own politics examination. Changes in the examination from year to year as the political climate changes can give even benighted foreigners some clue to changes in the guiding ideology of the Chinese Communist Party.
As one might expect these days, the thought of Communist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping, affectionately referred to on the exam questions as Xi Dada, is a big part of the examination. See on Youtube Chinese President’s romantic video ‘Xi Dada Loves Peng Mama’ goes viral. This Xi cult of personality-leaning appellation was dialed back in 2016 by Party prohibition to government and media, yet it lives on.
Here is what the Baidu online encyclopedia had to say about the politics section of the graduate school entrance examination:
Politics (full name: Ideological and Political Theory Examination) is a national admission examination subject of a selective nature set for the admission of master’s degree students to colleges and universities and scientific research institutes, and belongs to the public subject of the entrance examination for master’s degree students.
The examination scope of politics mainly includes: basic principles of Marxism, introduction to Mao Zedong Thought and the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, outline of modern Chinese history, ideological and moral cultivation and the foundation of law, situation and policy, and contemporary world economy and politics.
Baidu Encyclopedia article: Graduate School Entrance Examination on Politics: Ideological and Political Theory Examination 考研政治 思想政治理论考试
A prospective Chinese graduate student who flunked the graduate politics exam the first time around and will try again wrote anonymously to the well-known (one million followers) Tweeter (Z’er?) Teacher Li about his experience:
Teacher Li, I’m taking the graduate school entrance examination for a second time. This year I take the politics and political reform exam for graduate school. A new book on Xi Jinping Thought was added. Every time I opened this book, I get this ironic and sad feeling. They write so very much, they use such serious language to depict the so-called dream and the future, how everything is all about the welfare of the Chinese people and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Looking at the real world though, their arguments have a thousand holes i them. I feel that nobody is happy. We are all so depressed. I do not know why they always say such falsehoods, and do the exact opposite of what they say. How did things get this way? Actually, I was quite patriotic in junior high and high school, I do not know whether it was patriotic education brainwashing, but I was still quite small at the time and didn’t much life experience. Now I often feel sad but I just can’t do anything about it. … …. My dream is to become a teacher, and the graduate course that I want to get into is also education. I really want to use my talents to influence the next generation of children even though I am not at all powerful myself. However, the news of the teacher’s suicide a few days ago seems to have poured cold water on my dreams. Even if I become a teacher, I will still be oppressed. If I can’t even take care of myself, how can I ever talk about influencing others. Teacher Li, I’m a bit incoherent. I don’t know what to say, but I’m really sad. I’ve always felt that things shouldn’t be this way. Ah, can things turn out well with the country in such a state?
Letter from an anonymous Chinese student teacher relayed by the Teacher Li on Twitter 李老师不是你老师
Below I have translated the politics exam questions for the MA graduate school admission given in 2022 now being used to help prepare (along with lots of Xi Thought on this and that books and other ideological books!) for this year’s politics exam. Answers for some of the questions are highlighted in red so that you can strive to be both Red and Expert. I’ve added some notes and links to documents to help those of you struggling to escape your bourgeois background — there red diaper babies will have an advantage.
As we can see from the example of Chinese students preparing for politics exams to get into colleges and graduate schools, there is a great need for Chinese people to study Xi Jinping Thought. The Chinese Communist Party has graciously made available online as well in bookstores digital copies of many of Xi Jinping’s speeches, and books in both text and audio format.
2023 Exam Politics Questions (Full Version)
2023-01-03 Xinwendao Exam from the test preparation website kaoyan.eol.cn
2023年考研政治真题（完整版）
After the 2023 exam, students are most concerned about the answers after the exam. New Oriental School [Note: a large exam preparation company. ] teachers have organized the exam questions and answers analysis for you in the first time. View the full version of the exam questions and answers students:
Click on the picture below to get first-hand exam answers , listen to the big names analyze the questions, come to the answer!
I. Single choice questions: 16 questions, 1 point each, total 16 points. Of the four options given in each of the following questions, only one option is in line with the requirements of the question.
1. In his preface to the Fuxing Wenku, Xi Jinping [ Note: 习大大 Xi DaDa in text, an adulatory expression for Xi Jinping. A 2016 Party order banned its use in government reports and in the press, presumably to tone down the growing cult of personality. Here the expression appears on a political examination. See RFA 2016 report “Central Government issued a document banning the expression”Xi Dada”” End note.] pointed out that “it has been a tradition of the Chinese nation for thousands of years to cultivate history and establish a canon, to preserve history to enlighten the people, and to educate the people with culture.” “The compilation and publication of the Revival Library, a large series of historical documents, is to describe the pioneering work of our ancestors and enlighten the struggle of those to come through the selection and compilation of important ideological documents since modern times.” “History is the best textbook, all forward, can not forget the road we have traveled; go farther, go to a more glorious future, can not forget the past.” This shows
- A. History, reality, and the future are intertwined
- B. All history is contemporary history
- C. The historical process does not contain any contingent elements
- D. Historical events can often be repeated and reproduced in their entirety
[Answer: A]
2. Social form is the category of specific forms, stages of development and different qualities of social movements. It is the unity of economic base and superstructure that corresponds to a certain stage of development of productive forces. The history of human society is divided into five social forms: primitive society, slave society, feudal society, capitalist society and communist society (socialist society being the first stage), on the basis of.
- A. Quality and quantity of production tools
- B. Class and political attributes of the ruling group
- C. The nature of the economic base, in particular the relations of production
- D. Scope and level of people’s social interaction and division of labor
[Answer: C]
3. In Das Capital, Marx states, “No matter what changes have taken place in the productive forces. The same labor always provides the same amount of value in the same amount of time. But the amount of use-value it provides in the same amount of time is different, more when productivity increases, less when productivity decreases.” This passage shows that changes in productivity
- A. does not affect the quantity of goods produced by the same labor in the same amount of time
- B. does not change the productivity of the same labor over the same period of time
- C. affects the value of individual goods produced by the same labor in the same amount of time
- D. change the total amount of value provided by the same labor in the same amount of time
[Answer: C]
4. Monopoly organizations make monopoly profits by setting monopoly prices. In the process of market transactions, the level of profitability of a monopoly is actually affected by many factors. In order to avoid suffering a net loss, the lowest price acceptable to the monopoly organization is
- A. cost price
- B. production price
- C. monopoly low price
- D monopoly high price
[Answer: A]
5. What is socialism and how to build socialism is the primary and fundamental theoretical question that Deng Xiaoping constantly raised and repeatedly pondered during the process of reform, opening up and modernization. The key to clarifying this basic theoretical question is to
- A. Scientific analysis of the main contradictions in our society
- B. Clearing up ambiguous concepts that are not in line with the progress of the times and the laws of social development
- C. Systematically summarizing the experience of the development of socialist society
- D. Further understanding of the essence of socialism on the basis of adherence to the basic socialist system
[Answer: D]
6. Common prosperity 共同富裕 is the essential requirement of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The distribution system is the basic system for promoting common prosperity. Adhering to the principle of distribution according to work and the coexistence of a variety of distribution methods, as well as constructing a coordinated and complementary system of primary, redistribution and third distribution, is of great significance in dealing with the relationship between efficiency and fairness, and in gradually narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor. In this system, in addition to improving and perfecting the mechanisms for initial distribution and redistribution, attention should also be paid to giving full play to the role of the third distribution. At present, in order to do a good job of the role of the third distribution, what needs to be done is to
- A. Raising the share of labor remuneration in distribution
- B. Increase the regulation of taxes, social security, transfer payments, etc.
- C. Guiding and supporting willing and capable enterprises, social organizations and individuals to actively participate in public welfare and charitable causes
- D. Improving the mechanism for determining the remuneration of factors of production such as labor, capital and land on the basis of contribution
[Answer: C]
7. In adhering to the overall concept of national security, it is necessary to
- Adhere to the supremacy of the national interest,
- Take the people’s security as its purpose,
- Take political security as its foundation,
- Take economic security as its basis, to take military, scientific and technological, cultural and social security as the guarantee,
- Promote international security as its support,
- Integrate external and internal security, homeland security and national security, traditional and non-traditional security, and one’s own and common security, and to
- Integrate the maintenance of national security and the shaping of national security. It also integrates the maintenance of national security and the shaping of national security.
Adhering to the overall concept of national security is ultimately to:
- A. Responding to new trends in world changes and development
- B. Enhancing national security awareness among the entire population
- C. Cracking the security challenges encountered in national development
- D. Ensuring that the process of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is not delayed or even interrupted
[Answer: D]
8. As a proletarian political party, the fundamental question that the CPC must answer and solve is how to gain the support and backing of the people forever, how to break out of the cycle of rule and chaos and realize long-term rule. To this historical question, the question of the times, Mao Zedong ruled in the kiln cave in Yan’an gave the first answer, “Only if the people are allowed to supervise the government will the government not dare to slacken off, and only if everyone rises up and takes responsibility will the government not die.” After unremitting efforts since the 18th Party Congress, the Party found the second answer, which is
- A. Firm Ideals
- B. Being self-Revolutionary
- C. Putting power into the cage of the system
- D. Enhancing the sense of worry and danger
[Answer: B]
9. China is an ancient civilization that has made indelible contributions to human civilization. After the Industrial Revolution, by the middle of the 19th century, the economies and technologies of the Western capitalist powers were developing by leaps and bounds. China missed the opportunity of the Industrial Revolution and lagged substantially behind the times because of the following reasons
- A. China’s feudal rulers were arrogant and closed to the world
- B. Capital-imperialist countries’ capital export to China
- C. Profound changes in social class relations in China
- D. China’s integration into the capitalist world system
[Answer: A]
10. After the failure of the Great Revolution, the white terror overtook all of Chinese society, so the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) held the August 7 Conference on August 7, 1927 in Hankou. This meeting
- A. Criticized the leftist tendency in the late Revolutionary period
- B. Put forward the necessity of shifting the center of gravity of the Party’s work from the cities to the countryside
- C. Proposed the organization of the Autumn Harvest Uprising of the peasants in Hunan, Hubei and Guangdong Gan
- D. Established the policy of land reform and armed uprising
[Answer: D]
11. Yan’an is the holy land of the Chinese revolution. From 1935 to 1948, the Party Central Committee, Mao Zedong and other revolutionaries of the old generation lived and fought in Yan’an for 13 years, leading the Chinese revolutionary cause from low tide to high tide, realizing a historic turnaround, and reversing China’s future and destiny. On October 27, 2022 Xi Jinping [Xi Dada] led the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) on a special trip to Yan’an from Beijing to pay homage to the memorial site of the Yan’an Revolution. He declared that the new central leadership would inherit and carry forward the fine revolutionary tradition and style formed by the Party during the Yan’an period. The new central leadership will inherit and carry forward the excellent revolutionary traditions and styles formed by the Party during the Yan’an period. The Yan’an Spirit mainly embodies the Party’s tenet of
- A. Serve the people wholeheartedly
- B. Firm and correct political direction
- C. Emancipation of thought and seeking truth from facts
- D. Self-reliance and hard work
[Answer: A]
12. During the period of socialist revolution and construction, the main tasks facing the Party are to realize the transition from new democracy to socialism, to carry out the socialist revolution, to promote socialist construction, and to lay the fundamental political prerequisites and institutional foundations for the realization of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Chinese society’s entry into socialism is marked by
- A. Establishment of the socialist political system
- B. Establishment of the socialist economic system
- C. Completion of tasks left over from the democratic revolution
- D. Establishment of the people’s democratic dictatorship
[Answer: B]
13. The building of civic morality plays a vital role in raising people’s ideological awareness, moral standard and civilization, and in making society more civilized as a whole. Adapting to the new requirements of the new era, the CPC Central Committee issued the Outline for the Implementation of Civic Moral Construction in the New Era in 2019.
In accordance with the changed situation and the new needs of civic moral construction, clearly emphasizing that the focus of civic moral construction in the new era is
- A. Promoting the national spirit and the spirit of the times
- B. Promoting the normalization and institutionalization of education on ideals and beliefs
- C. Promoting social, professional, family and personal virtues
- D. Inheriting Chinese virtues such as filial piety and love for one’s parents, helping the needy and seeing what is right and acting courageously
[Answer: A]
14. The Report to the Twentieth CPC National Congress pointed out that we must
- Adhere to the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics,
- Adhere to the construction of the rule of law, the socialist rule of law system with Chinese characteristics,
- Adhere to the construction of the socialist rule of law around the safeguarding and promotion of social justice,
- Adhere to the rule of law, rule in accordance with the law,
- Adhere to administration in accordance with the rule of law, and
- Promote concurrently the rule of law, rule of law, rule of law, and the rule of law society as a whole, and Promote the full range of scientific legislation, strict enforcement of the law, and impartial justice, law-abiding by all, comprehensively advancing the rule of law in all aspects of the work of the State.
Insisting that the rule of law in all respects should first of all be
- A. Adherence to constitutional rule
- B. Adherence to administration according to law
- C. Adherence to ruling according to law
- D. Adherence to fair justice
[Answer: C]
15. On April 8, 2022, the summary commendation meeting of the Beijing Winter Olympic Games and Winter Paralympic Games was held in Beijing. Xi Jinping [Xi Dada] emphasized that a great cause breeds a great spirit, and a great spirit promotes a great cause. The vast number of participants in our country cherish the opportunities given by the great era, and in the process of bidding for, planning and organizing the Winter Olympics, they have jointly created the Beijing Winter Olympic Spirit.
The Beijing Winter Olympic spirit is
- A. Faster, higher, stronger, more united
- B. Think big, be confident and open-minded, rise to the occasion, pursue excellence and create the future together
- C. Courage, determination, motivation, equality
- D. Together into the future
[Answer: B]
16. On November 11, 2022, the 25th China-ASEAN Leaders’ Meeting was held in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and issued another important document on the South China Sea reached by China and ASEAN countries. This important document is
- A. Joint Statement of the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of China and ASEAN Countries on the Comprehensive and Effective Implementation of the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea
- B. Guidelines for the Implementation of the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea
- C. Statement commemorating the tenth anniversary of the signing of the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea
- D. Statement commemorating the twentieth anniversary of the signing of the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea
[Answer: D]
II. Multiple-choice questions: 17 questions, 2 points per question, 34 points in total. Each of the following four options given in each question, at least two options are in line with the requirements of the topic, multiple or fewer choices are not scored.
17. Engels said, “Experience by observation alone can never be sufficient proof of necessity. This is so true that one cannot judge from the fact that the sun always rises in the morning that it will rise again tomorrow.” This shows
- A. Perceptual understanding to be raised to rational understanding
- B. Perceptual awareness has limitations
- C. The necessity of things has nothing to do with sense perception
- D. Inductive methods have limitations
17. In their practice of leading the proletarian struggle, Marx and Engels always emphasized the necessity and importance of the leader’s authority. Marx said, “A single fiddler conducts himself; an orchestra needs an orchestra conductor.” Engels also pointed out that “without authority there can be no concerted action whatsoever,” and illustrated the importance of authority with the example of the navigation of the sea. In summing up the lessons learned from the failure of the Paris Commune, Marx profoundly pointed out that authority is needed to organize a new regime, to maintain a new regime, and to build a new regime after the victory of a revolution. Engels, on the other hand, clearly pointed out that “the Paris Commune was destroyed because of the lack of centralization and authority.”
This shows that proletarian leaders are historically able to
- A. Leading the way for social development
- B. Influencing the course of historical events
- C. Gathering the strength of the people
- D. Making history of human society
18. The Chinese poet Su Shi [Su Dongpo] in “Writing an inscription on the wall of Xilin Temple“ 苏轼 《题西林壁》wrote “
Ridges in front and peaks to the side,
[English translation: Writing on the Xilin Temple’s Wall / Translated by LY Lee]
Mountains in different shapes far and wide.
Of Lushan’s true facade one can never know,
If one stays within the mountains so.
The reason why people “look across the mountains and see peaks on either side, different heights near and far” is because of the
- A. The object of evaluation has no intrinsic nature or character of its own.
- B. The evaluation process has a direct relationship with the subject of evaluation
- C. Evaluation makes no distinction between right and wrong, good and evil
- D. Evaluation results change with the interrelationship of objects
19. Marx’s theory of average profit profoundly elucidates the principle of the conversion of profit into average profit and the further division of surplus value in capitalist society. in the process of averaging the rate of profit, the capital that still earns average profit is
- A. Industrial capital
- B. agricultural capital
- C. Commercial capital
- D. Borrowed capital
20. Since the collapse of the United States-led Bretton Woods system in the 1970s, financial monopoly capital in capitalist countries has enjoyed rapid development. The important institutional conditions that enabled the formation and growth of financial monopoly capital are.
- A. Financial innovation
- B. Strengthened regulation of financial markets
- C. Financial liberalization
- D. Frequency of financial crises
21. After the victory of the October Revolution, in defense of the young Soviet power, the Soviet regime under Lenin adopted a policy of war communism from the summer of 1918 to the spring of 1921. The war communism policy was a temporary policy which Soviet Russia was forced to adopt in the face of armed imperialist intervention and internal war.
The main elements of the wartime communist policy were
- A. Residual food collection system
- B. Abolition of commodity-money relations
- C. Development of multiple ownership
- D. Supporting farmers to cultivate their own land
22. The history of the Communist Party of China is a history of the continuous advancement of the Chineseization and modernization of Marxism, of theoretical innovation and of theoretical creation. In this course, Mao Zedong was the great pioneer in the Chineseization of Marxism and the main founder of Mao Zedong Thought, whose main contributions were
- A. For the first time, the scientific proposition and major task of “Chineseization of Marxism” was clearly put forward.
- B. profoundly argued the necessity and importance of the Chineseization of Marxism
- C. Systematically elaborated the scientific connotation of the Chineseization of Marxism
- D. Comprehensively removing various obstacles to the understanding of the Chineseization of Marxism
[Answer: ABC, ABC is the main contribution of Mao Zedong in the process of the Chineseization of Marxism, which meets the meaning of the question.]
23. Capital is an important factor of production in the socialist market economy. Since the 18th Party Congress, our understanding of the nature of capital has gradually deepened, our knowledge of the role of capital has become more comprehensive, our grasp of the laws of capital has become more in-depth, and our ability to govern the operation of capital has continued to improve.
The understanding of capital under the conditions of socialist market economy has been formed mainly as follows:
- A. Capital is an important link to drive the agglomeration and allocation of all kinds of factors of production, and an important force in promoting the development of social productivity.
- B. Regulating and restraining the profit-seeking nature of capital to prevent incalculable harm to economic and social development
- C. Improving the basic system of China’s capital market and releasing more space for various types of capital development
- D. Focusing on guaranteeing the participation of capital in social distribution for proliferation and development, and emphasizing the maintenance of the main position of distribution according to work.
24. Openness is an important driving force for the advancement of human civilization and an indispensable path to world prosperity and development. In the face of the reality of rising protectionism and intensifying anti-globalization trends worldwide China has hosted five consecutive sessions of the China International Import Expo five consecutive years from 2018-2022. Its focus on imports made it unique among world expositions. More than 120 world-class Fortune 500 and industry-leading companies have participated in the first four consecutive sessions, with a cumulative intended turnover of more than US$270 billion.
This year’s participation in the fifth China International Import Expo of the world’s top 500 and industry leaders more than 280, turnover rate of nearly 90%, the cumulative intention to turnover 73.52 billion U.S. dollars, the success of the China International Import Expo fully demonstrates that it is becoming the
- A. Engines of world economic growth
- B. Window for the construction of a new development pattern in China
- C. A platform for China to promote high-level opening to the outside world
- D. Globally shared international public goods
[Answer：.BCD，Xi Jinping said at the fair that the fair has become a window for China to build a new development pattern, a platform to promote a high level of openness, and an international public product to be shared globally. So BCD is the correct answer.]
25. Wetland protection is an important part of the construction of an ecological civilization. Throughout history, human beings have lived by water, civilization has been born with water, and human production and life have been closely linked with wetlands. Over the past decade, China has vigorously promoted the construction of an ecological civilization, strengthened the protection and restoration of wetlands, constructed a protection system, and introduced the Wetland Protection Law, which has led to the sustained improvement of the ecological condition of wetlands, and the area of wetlands in China has now reached 56.35 million hectares. Among the 43 international wetland cities recognized by the Convention on Wetlands, 13 cities in China have been selected, which is the largest number of international wetland cities in the world. Wetland conservation is conducive to
- A. Promoting harmony between human beings and nature
- B. Promoting rest and recuperation of grasslands, forests, rivers, lakes and wetlands
- C. Enhancing ecosystem diversity, stability and sustainability
- D. Utilizing wetland functions to promote sustainable development and combat climate change
[Answer：ABCD, ABCD are all the significance of wetland conservation, which meets the meaning of the question.]
26. Adherence to and development of Marxism must be combined with the outstanding traditional Chinese culture, which has a long history and is the crystallization of the wisdom of Chinese civilization, and contains such ideological concepts as “seeking the common good of all humankind”, “the welfare of the people is fundamental”, “governance is for morality”, “reforming the old and introducing the new”, “appointing people on the basis of merit”, “unity of heaven and mankind”, “continuous self-improvement”, “carrying material things in the form of virtues”, “preaching faith, cultivating harmony” and “benevolence and good-neighbourliness”.
- A. In line with Marxist theory
- B. There is a high degree of compatibility with the values advocated by scientific socialism.
- C. Complete embodiment of Marxist positions, views and methods
- D. Embodying the Chinese people’s view of the universe, the world, society and morality
[Answer：ABCD, ABCD are all reasons why the combination of Marxism and excellent Chinese culture is in line with the meaning of the question.]
27. Between 1905 and 1907, centering on the issue of social change in China, the bourgeois revolutionaries and the reformists started a polemic from the Minbao (People’s Newspaper) 《民报》 and Xinmin zhongbao (New People’s Newspaper)《新民从报》 as the main public opinion positions respectively.
- A. Focusing on the need to overthrow the Qing Dynasty by revolutionary means or not
- B. Essentially a blend of bourgeois and feudalist ideas
- C. Spreading the idea of democratic revolution and promoting the development of the revolutionary situation
- D. Exposed the weaknesses of the revolutionaries in terms of ideology and theory
[Answer: ACD, B is the significance of the polemic between the Restorationists and the Conservatives, so the correct option for this question is ACD.]
28. “Oppose Book Worship” 《反对本本主义》is an important work written by Mao Zedong during the Agrarian Revolutionary War to oppose the dogmatic thinking of the Red Army at that time. The important ideas put forward by Mao Zedong in this work are
- A. Concern for the masses and attention to working methods
- B. Giving equal importance to urban work and work in the base areas
- C. No survey, no statement
- D. The victory of the struggle for the Chinese revolution depends on the Chinese comrades’ understanding of the Chinese situation
[Answer: CD, Care for the masses and pay attention to working methods is from the speech delivered at the Second Congress of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers of the Central Soviet Area. The correct answer to this question is CD. The idea of giving equal importance to urban work and work in the base areas was put forward by Chairman Mao in his report at the Central Party School in 1944.]
29. The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the CPC marked the re-establishment of the ideological, political and organizational lines of Marxism by the CPC, realizing a far-reaching and great turnaround in the history of the Party since the founding of New China, and ushering in a new period of reform, opening-up and socialist modernization in China. The Plenum made the historic decision to implement reform and opening up based on the
- A. A profound grasp of the future destiny of the Party and the country
- B. A profound summary of the practice of socialist revolution and construction
- C. Deep insight into the trend of the times
- D. Deep realization of the expectations and needs of the people
30. Socialist morality 社会主义道德 is a brand-new type of morality, and compared with previous forms of social morality, socialist morality is characterized by significant advancement.
Its advanced nature is mainly reflected in
- A. It is a critical inheritance and innovative development of the excellent moral resources of mankind
- B. it overcame the one-sidedness and limitations of morality in previous class societies
- C. It is the guideline that regulates all norms of behavior in society
- D. It is a reflection of the socialist economic base
[Answer: ABD: Compared with the moral forms of previous societies, socialist morality is characterized by remarkable advancement. This advancement is mainly reflected in the following: First, socialist morality is a reflection of the socialist economic base. In a socialist society dominated by the public ownership of the means of production, the people at large have not only realized being the masters of their own house politically, but also realized the transformation from passive to active morality. Secondly, socialist morality is the critical inheritance and innovative development of the excellent moral resources of mankind. Finally, socialist morality overcomes the one-sidedness and limitations of the morality of the previous class society, insists on serving the people as the core and adheres to the principle of collectivism, and shows real and powerful moral power. Therefore, ABD is correct and C is incorrect.]
31. Legal obligation refers to the social responsibility governed by certain social and material conditions of life, and is a legal means to ensure that the obligor stipulated in the law engages in certain behaviors or refrains from engaging in certain behaviors in accordance with the requirements of the right holder in order to satisfy the rights and interests of the right holder.
A correct understanding of legal obligation would be:
- A. Legal obligations must be created by law
- B. Legal obligations are immutable
- C. Legal obligations derive from real needs
- D. Legal obligations are acts performed autonomously by obligors
[Answer: AC: Legal obligations have the following four characteristics: first, they are historical. First, legal obligations are historical. Second, legal obligations arise from real needs. Third, legal obligations must be created by law. Fourth, legal obligations may change. Therefore, AC is correct, and BD is incorrect.]
32. On August 10, 2022, the Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council and the Information Office of the State Council published a white paper on “The Taiwan Issue and the Cause of China’s Reunification in the New Era,” which was published in favor of the
- A. Exposing and criticizing the deplorable words and deeds of the separatist forces for Taiwan independence and the external forces that collude in provocations and attempts to undermine China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity and to obstruct and destroy the process of China’s reunification
- B. Maximizing the understanding and support of compatriots on both sides of the Taiwan Strait and the international community
- C. Demonstrating the position and attitude of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese Government in continuing to strive for peaceful reunification with the utmost sincerity and effort
- D. Revitalizing the spirit of the entire Party and the people of all nationalities in their determined pursuit of national reunification, and strengthening the confidence and courage of the anti-independence forces on the island and overseas in promoting reunification.
33. On November 15, 2022, the 17th G20 Leaders’ Summit was held in Bali, Indonesia, where State Council Chairman 國家主席 guojia zhuxi Xi Jinping attended and delivered an important speech entitled “Working Together to Meet the Challenges of Our Times and Build a Better Future” in which he advocated the promotion of
- A. More competitive global development
- B. More inclusive global development
- C More inclusive global development
- D. More resilient global development
[Answer: BCD: Xi Jinping emphasized that we should promote more inclusive global development. We have to promote more inclusive global development. We have to promote more resilient global development. Therefore, BCD is correct. A is not in line with the spirit of the speech.]
III. Analytic questions: Questions 34-38 each subtopic counts for 10 points for a total of 50 points. Requirements combined with knowledge to analyze the material to answer the question.
34. Answer the questions in the context of the material provided
The Report to the Twentieth National Congress of the CPC points out that “the most arduous and burdensome task in building a modernized socialist country is still in the countryside“, and that building a strong agricultural country is a long-term and arduous historical task; in order to “ensure that the rice bowls of the Chinese people are firmly held in their own hands“, it is necessary to implement in depth the strategy of “storing grain on the land and storing grain with technology”. In order to “ensure that the rice bowls of the Chinese people are firmly in their own hands“, it is necessary to implement in depth the strategy of “storing grain in the land and storing grain in technology“, to strengthen the construction of high-standard farmland and the renovation of medium- and low-yield fields, and to comprehensively utilize saline land.
Improvement of land heavy in saline and alkaline is a worldwide problem and a complex systematic project, and it is necessary to adhere to the systematic concept. Soil structure, salinity, microbial communities, crop varieties, water conservancy and many other factors are intertwined and affect each other, and only when all of them are adjusted to the optimal state can crops grow healthily, and saline wasteland be turned into ecologically sound land.
Fine saline soil particles, lack of normal soil agglomerate structure, crusting, dry and hard, impermeable, impermeable, saline and alkali is difficult to wash away with the water. Therefore scientists work on changing the soil agglomerate structure, inventing a biobased “binder”, the fine saline and alkaline soil particles bonded into large particles, artificial a “agglomerate structure”, soil permeability is improved, saline and alkali can be quickly washed away, promoting the formation of soil aggregates. “
Through “agglomerate structure”, soil permeability is improved, saline and alkaline will be able to be quickly washed away to promote the formation of soil aggregates. Scientists found that if the engineering facilities and soil improvement is not supporting the lack of overall systematic management program, not only crops do not have the conditions for growth, but also constantly repeat the “desalination – back to the salt” problem, improve the cycle is long.
In order to solve this problem, scientists to build the laboratory in the field, optimize various technical parameters, in each saline region to establish a different governance model. In Tianjin, Jiangsu, Shandong, for soil erosion susceptible to tidal erosion, improved soil is easy to return to the salt, scientists on the flow of dykes to build gates, controlling the water table, to prevent the return of salt, soil improvement; in Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, for mineralized water irrigation, channel leakage raise the water table, resulting in salinized soil zone, resulting in salinity and drought coexist. Scientists work on the establishment of irrigation and drainage systems, control of the water table so that the salts will be carried out, remodeling soil structure. The goal is to remodel soil structure, rapidly remove salt from the soil tillage layer, and keep soil moist. Scientists have also developed special functional materials, anti-saline seed treatment agents and anti-reverse materials to solve the single problem of saline soil microbial community structure, carry out the screening of salt-tolerant varieties, etc. This will ultimately created an ecological restoration system engineering technology system based on the principle of “remodeling the soil, efficiently desalting the soil, combining with blocking and blocking, and reclaiming the good land”. The systematic engineering technology system of saline and alkaline soil was created.
–Excerpts from People’s Daily (July 4, October 26, 2022)
- (1) From the perspective of the dialectical movement of practice and cognition, explain the epistemological principles embodied in the scientists’ transformation of “saline wasteland” into “ecologically sound land”. (6 points)
- (2) Why is it “necessary to adhere to the system concept” for saline land improvement? (4 points)
35. Answer the questions in the context of the material.
Material 1
Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee, with Xi DaDa [Xi Jinping] at its core, has taken a series of strategic initiatives, promoted a series of transformative practices, achieved a series of breakthroughs, and made a series of landmark achievements. It has achieved a series of landmark results, withstood risks and challenges from the political, economic, ideological and natural worlds, and made historic achievements and changes in the Party and the country’s endeavors.
Over the past decade, we have built a moderately prosperous society in all respects, realized the first hundred-year goal, and continued to strengthen the country’s economic strength, scientific and technological strength, comprehensive national power and international influence; the gross domestic product (GDP) has increased from 54 trillion yuan to 114 trillion yuan, and the proportion of China’s total economy in the world’s economy has reached 18.5 per cent, an increase of 7.2 per cent, which is steadily the second place in the world; and the per capita GDP has increased from 39,800 yuan to 81,000 yuan. The urbanization rate was 11.6 percentage points higher, reaching 64.7 percent. The scale of manufacturing industry and foreign exchange reserves ranked first in the world.
We have accelerated the promotion of scientific and technological self-reliance and self-improvement, with the expenditure on research and development of the whole society increasing from one trillion yuan to two thousand eight hundred billion yuan, ranking second in the world, and the total number of research and development personnel ranking first in the world. Basic research and original innovation have been continuously strengthened, breakthroughs in some key core technologies have been realized, strategic emerging industries have been developed and expanded, and major achievements have been made in manned spaceflight, moon and fire exploration, deep-sea and deep-earth exploration, supercomputers, satellite navigation, quantum information, nuclear power technology, new energy technology, large aircraft manufacturing, and bio-pharmaceuticals, etc., so that China has entered into the ranks of innovative countries.
China has become a major trading partner of more than 140 countries and regions, ranking first in the world in total trade in goods, attracting foreign capital and outward investment, and forming a pattern of opening up to the outside world on a wider scale, in a wider range of fields, and at a deeper level. People’s lives have improved on all fronts.
Life expectancy has risen to 78.2 years, and disposable income per capita has increased from 16,500 yuan to 35,100 yuan. New employment in cities and towns has averaged more than 13 million people a year, the world’s largest education system, social security system, and medical and health care system have been built. The level of universal education has made a historic leap forward, the basic old-age pension insurance has covered 1.04 billion people, and the rate of participation in the basic medical insurance has stabilized at 95 percent (the people’s sense of obtainment, well-being, and security is more fulfilling, secure, and sustainable, and a new result has been achieved in the common prosperity).
New results have been achieved in common prosperity. Green, circular and low-carbon development has taken solid steps forward, and ecological environmental protection has undergone historic, transformative and overall changes. The socialist system with Chinese characteristics will become more mature and established, and the level of modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity will be significantly improved.
–Excerpts from People’s Daily (Oct. 17, Sept. 25, 2022)
Material 2
From now on, the central task of the CPC is to unite and lead the people of all nationalities to build a strong socialist modernized country in a comprehensive manner, to achieve the second Centenary Goal, and to comprehensively promote the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese-style modernization. On the basis of long-term exploration and practice since the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening up, and through innovative breakthroughs in theory and practice since the 18th National Congress, the CPC has successfully promoted and expanded Chinese-style modernization.
Chinese-style modernization is the socialist modernization under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, which has the common features of modernization in other countries, but also has Chinese characteristics based on its own national conditions. Chinese-style modernization is the
- Modernization of a huge population, the
- Modernization of common prosperity for all people, the
- Modernization of the coordination of material and spiritual civilization, the
- Modernization of the harmonious coexistence of human beings and the natural environment, and the
- Modernization of taking the road of peaceful development.
The essential requirements of Chinese-style modernization are: adherence to the leadership of the Communist Party of China, adherence to socialism with Chinese characteristics, realization of high-quality development, development of people’s democracy in the whole process, enrichment of the people’s spiritual world, realization of the common wealth of the entire people, promotion of harmonious coexistence between human beings and nature, promotion of the building of a community of shared destiny for mankind, and creation of a new form of human civilization.
The overall strategic arrangement for building a socialist modernized country is a two-step process: from 2020 to 2035, socialist modernization will be basically realized; and from 2035 to the middle of this century, China will be built into a rich, strong, democratic, civilized, harmonious and beautiful socialist modernized country.
- (1) Analyze the people-centered development ideology embodied in the “historic achievements and changes in the Party and State undertakings” in the decade of the new era. (5 points)
- (2) Chinese-style modernization is the result of the long-term practical exploration of the CPC and the Chinese people, and is a great and arduous undertaking. Combining the theoretical and practical innovation breakthroughs since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, analyze how the CPC has “successfully pushed forward and expanded Chinese-style modernization” in the new era. (5 points)
36. Answer the questions in the context of the material.
Material 1
On April 21, 1945, Mao Zedong stated in his report to the preparatory meeting of the Seventh Party Congress. [ “The work principles of the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China” 中国共产党第七次全国代表大会的工作方针]
”What is the course of our Congress? It should be: unity for victory. Simply put, it is one unity, one victory. Victory means our goal, unity means our front, our ranks. We must have a united team to defeat our enemies and fight for victory, and in the middle of the team, the main one, the one who plays a leading role, is our Party. Without our Party, it is impossible for the Chinese people to win.”
”In the past, we used to say that we were united as one, and that was a word for writing articles. We say this time, united as one harmonious family.” “You should know that a team is often not very neat, so you have to shout often to look at the same, look to the left, look to the right, look to the center, we have to look to the central benchmarks, look to the General Assembly benchmarks. Looking at the same is the norm, having deviations is real life, and when there are deviations, we shout look at the same.”
”Within the Party, within the revolutionary ranks, we have one policy, unity, unity on the basis of principle.”
–From the Collected Works of Mao Zedong, Volume 3 《毛泽东文集》第三卷
Material 2
On December 13, 1978, Deng Xiaoping, in his speech at the Central Work Conference, stated.
”This meeting has been held for more than a month and is coming to an end, the central government has put forward the fundamental guideline of shifting the center of gravity of the work of the whole party to the realization of the four modernizations, and solved a series of major problems left over from the past will surely make the whole party, the whole army and the people of all ethnic groups of the country raise their fighting spirit, enhance their confidence, and strengthen their unity.”
”To strengthen the unity of the people of all ethnic groups in the country, we must first strengthen the unity of the Party as a whole, and in particular strengthen the unity of the Party’s leading core; our Party’s unity is a unity based on Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought; within the Party, it is necessary to differentiate between right and wrong on the theory and right and wrong on the line; it is necessary to carry out criticism and self-criticism, to help each other and supervise each other, and to overcome all kinds of erroneous thinking. “
”As long as we are all united and of one mind, emancipate our minds, open our brains, and learn what we did not know, we will certainly be able to accelerate the pace of the new Long March, and let us, under the leadership of the Central Committee of the Party and the State Council, march forward in order to change our country’s backwardness, and build our country into a modernized socialist powerhouse!”
–From Selected Writings of Deng Xiaoping, Volume 2 鄧小平文選 第二卷 [also available online as an audio book — 鄧小平文選 第二卷 ]
Material 3
On January 30, 2022, in his speech at the Spring Festival Reunion, Xi stated.
”Over the past 100 years, all the achievements of the Party and the people have been the result of unity and struggle, and unity and struggle is the most prominent spiritual mark of the CPC and the Chinese people. The history of a hundred years of struggle tells us that unity is strength, and struggle creates the future; only a nation that can unite and struggle has a future, and only a political party that can unite and struggle can be invincible; the history of a hundred years of struggle also tells us that the unity that is formed around a clear goal of struggle is the strongest unity, and the struggle that relies on a close unity is the most powerful struggle.”
On October 16, 2022, Xi Jinping stated in the Report to the 20th Party Congress;; the
”The key to comprehensively building a modernized socialist country and comprehensively promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation lies with the Party.”
”The whole Party must bear in mind that adhering to the overall leadership of the Party is the way to adhere to and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics, socialism with Chinese characteristics is the way to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, unity and hard work is the way for the Chinese people to create greatness in history, carrying out the new development concept is the way for our country to develop and grow in the new era, and comprehensively rigorous governance of the Party is the way for the Party to stay alive forever and maintain its vitality and walk the new road of catching up. vitality and a sure way to walk the new road of catching up.”
”The Party has created a century of greatness with great struggles, and will certainly be able to create new greatness with new great struggles. The whole Party, the whole army and the whole nation of all ethnic groups should be closely united around the CPC Central Committee, bearing in mind that empty talk is misleading and practical work will prosper the country, be firm in faith, be of one mind, work hard and move forward, and unite in the struggle for the comprehensive construction of a modernized socialist country, and for the comprehensive advancement of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation!”
–From Xi Dada on “The Governance of China”, Volume 4 and Xi Dada’s “Holding High the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Striving in Unity for the Comprehensive Construction of a Modernized Socialist Country–Report at the Twentieth National Congress of the Communist Party of China“.
- (1) In the light of the situation and the tasks of the Party at that time, explain the importance of Mao Zedong’s emphasis on “when there is deviation from the line, call for alignment back to the line“. (5 marks)
- (2) Unity and struggle is the most prominent spiritual mark of the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese people. How do you understand “Over the past 100 years, all the achievements of the Party and the people are the result of unity and struggle”? (5 points)
37. Answer the questions in the context of the material.
Material 1
Great spirit nourishes great causes, from the “two bombs and a satellite” to manned spaceflight, from hybrid rice to quantum computers, China’s every world-renowned scientific and technological achievements are inseparable from generations of scientific and technological workers dedicated to serving the country, hard work.
Since the reform and opening up, China’s scientific and technological community has emerged as a role model for the casting of the “Eye in the Sky” 天眼 [Note: Eye in the Sky (TV series)] about astronomer Nan Rendong, exploration of the deep earth of Huang Dainian, the northern roots of the plateau of Zhong Yang, etc., and still move forward Sun Jiadong, Huang Xuhua, Tu Youyou, etc., they are serving the country with science and the perseverance of overcoming the difficulties of the conduct and vividly interpreted the spirit of scientists with the underlining patriotic spirit of scientists.
Xi pointed out: “On the journey of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, generation after generation of scientists, mindful of the motherland and the people, have made great contributions to the progress of science and technology, the improvement of the people’s lives, and the development of the Chinese nation, regardless of difficulties and selfless dedication. The new era needs to inherit and carry forward the spirit of patriotism, which takes the destiny of the country and the nation as its own responsibility, and even more so, it needs to continue to carry forward the spirit of scientists, which is underlined by patriotism.“
–Excerpts from Guangming Daily (September 14, 2020), People’s Daily (November 16, 2022)
Material 2
Qian Qihu is a professor at the National University of Defense Technology, one of the first academicians of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, the founder of China’s modern protection engineering theory and the founder of the discipline of protection engineering.
Protective engineering is known as a country’s “underground steel wall”, but also Qian Qihu lifelong research topics, more than 60 years ago, Qian Qihu from abroad after his return to China, and actively engaged in the country’s modern protective engineering construction business. 60 years, Qian Qihu has always adhered to the love of the party, serve the country, the army of the feelings of the son, fighting in the depths of mountains, the Gobi desert, border defense islands and other engineering front line, overcoming the difficult environment, inadequate conditions, complex problems and many difficulties, successfully developed China’s first set of explosion pressure simulator and personnel training system. Gobi desert, border islands and other engineering front line, overcame the difficult environment, inadequate conditions, the complexity of the problem of many difficulties, successfully developed China’s first set of explosion pressure simulator, created China’s protection engineering disciplines and personnel training system, established China’s city of human defense engineering damage theory model and analysis methods.
In recent years, Qian Qihu led the team to climb the scientific and technological peaks, established the theory and technology system from shallow buried engineering to deep buried engineering protection, from single engineering to engineering system protection, from conventional resistance to ultra-high resistance protection, formulated China’s first protection standard for human defense engineering, solved a series of key technical problems in engineering protection of nuclear weapons and conventional weapons, and loaded “golden bells” on China’s strategic projects. “Golden Bell Mask”, as a member of the expert group of many national major projects, Qian Qihu put forward practical and significant proposals in the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, Xiong’an New Area, South-to-North Water Diversion Project, West-to-East Natural Gas Transmission Project, and Energy Underground Reserve, and so on. For his outstanding contributions, he was awarded the 2018 National Highest Science and Technology Prize, and in 2022, he was awarded the “Order of August 1”.
Innovation determines the future, and creation leads the future. Now, China’s economic and social development than at any time in the past, there is a greater need for technological innovation, more need to raise the original innovation capacity to a prominent position. Contemporary young people are born at the right time, the stage to display their talents is immense, we should vigorously carry forward the spirit of scientists, so that youth in the practice of building a comprehensive socialist modernization of the country blossomed into a gorgeous flower.
–Excerpts from People’s Daily (September 15, 2020), Guangming Daily (August 1, 2022)
- (1) Why is it “all the more necessary to continue to carry forward the spirit of scientists noted for their patriotism” in the new era? (6 points)
- (2) Qian Qihu’s scientific practice of forging shields for the country, what is the inspiration for contemporary youth to innovate and create? (4 points)
38. Answer the questions in the context of the material.
Material 1
In the midst of the greatest change the world has seen in a century, human development has reached a landmark moment. on November 15, 2022, the day of the opening of the seventeenth summit of the leaders of the Group of Twenty (G20), the United Nations announced that the world’s population had reached eight billion. In his op-ed entitled “Eight Billion People, One Humanity,” UN Secretary-General Guterres said that the arrival of this milestone moment in human development was a time to celebrate diversity and progress, while noting that while the human family is growing, inequality is also growing, and the world is gradually moving towards fragmentation; the food and energy crises are hitting developing economies the hardest. It was also a time for humanity to reflect on its shared responsibility for the planet.
Xi Dada pointed out in the Report to the Twentieth Party Congress that, at present, the changes in the world, the times and history are unfolding in an unprecedented manner, and human society is facing unprecedented challenges; the world is once again at the crossroads of history, and the way forward depends on the choices made by the people of all countries.
–Excerpts from People’s Daily (October 17, 2022), Xinhua (November 16, 2022)
Material 2
At a time when the world economy is facing the risk of recession, with developing countries bearing the brunt of it, China, as an important part of the global population of 8 billion, has always placed its own development in the coordinate system of human development, has always thought about the difficulties of the vast number of developing countries, has always taken into account the concerns of the vast number of developing countries, and has always safeguarded world peace and promoted common development.
As a global model of development for people’s livelihoods, by the end of 2021, China will have constructed 79 foreign economic and trade cooperation zones in 24 countries along the Belt and Road, with a cumulative investment of $43 billion, creating 346,000 local jobs. According to a World Bank study, the Belt and Road initiative will lift 7.6 million people out of extreme poverty and 32 million out of moderate poverty in the countries concerned, and will increase trade in the participating countries by 2.8 to 9.7 per cent, increase global trade by 1.7 to 6.2 per cent, and increase global income by 0.7 to 2.9 per cent.
China’s global development initiatives have been responded to by the United Nations and other international organizations, as well as by a large number of countries, with more than 100 countries expressing their support and more than 60 countries joining the Group of Friends of the Global Development Initiative, thus injecting stability and positive energy into a world in turmoil and change. As United Nations Secretary-General Guterres has said, China’s efforts are unparalleled in helping developing countries to develop together.
In response to the unprecedented challenges to human development, Xi emphasized in his important speech at the G20 Leaders’ Summit that all countries should establish a sense of a community of human destiny, so that unity can replace division, cooperation can replace confrontation, and inclusiveness can replace exclusion. This provides China with an answer to the question of the times, “What’s wrong with the world and what should we do about it?”
–Excerpts from Guangming Daily (June 11, 2022), Xinhua (September 14, November 22, 2022)
- (1) Why is it said that “the world is once again standing at the crossroads of history”? (5 points)
- (2) What kind of diplomatic concepts and great-power bearing does China’s great contribution to the common development of developing countries reflect? (5 points)
2023年考研政治真题（完整版）
一、单项选择题：共16题，每小题1分，共16分。下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
1.习大大在为《复兴文库》所写的序言中指出：“修史立典，存史启智，以文化人，这是中华民族延续几千年的一个传统。”“编纂出版《复兴文库》大型历史文献丛书，就是要通过对近代以来重要思想文献的选编，述录先人的开拓，启迪来者的奋斗。”“历史是最好的教科书，一切向前走，都不能忘记走过的路；走得再远、走到再光辉的未来，也不能忘记走过的过去。”这表明
A.历史、现实、未来是相通的
B.一切历史都是当代史
C.历史过程不包含任何偶然的因素
D.历史事件往往可以完整重复和再现
2.社会形态是关于社会运动的具体形式、发展阶段和不同质态的范畴，是同生产力发展一定阶段相适应的经济基础与上层建筑的统一体。人类社会历史划分为原始社会、奴隶社会、封建社会、资本主义社会和共产主义社会(社会主义社会是其第一阶段)五种社会形态，其依据是
A.生产工具的质量和数量
B.统治集团的阶级和政治属性
C.经济基础特别是生产关系的性质
D.人们社会交往和分工的范围和水平
3.马克思在《资本论》中指出：“不管生产力发生了什么变化。同一劳动在同样的时间内提供的价值量总是相同的。但它在同样的时间内提供的使用价值量是不同的，生产力提高时就多些，生产力降低时就少些。”这段话表明，生产力的变化
A.不影响同一劳动在同样的时间内生产的商品数量
B.不改变同一劳动在同样的时间内的生产效率
C.影响同一劳动在同样的时间内生产的单个商品价值量
D.改变同一劳动在同样的时间内提供的价值总量
4.垄断组织通过制定垄断价格来获取垄断利润。在市场交易过程中，垄断组织获利高低实际上受到很多因素的影响。为了避免遭受净亏损，垄断组织所能接受的最低价格是
A.成本价格 B.生产价格 C.垄断低价 D.垄断高价
5.什么是社会主义，怎样建设社会主义，是邓小平在改革开放和现代化建设过程中，不断提出和反复思考的首要的基本的理论问题。搞清这一基本理论问题，关键是要
A.科学分析我国社会主要矛盾
B.廓清不合乎时代进步和社会发展规律的模糊观念
C.系统总结社会主义社会发展的经验
D.在坚持社会主义基本制度基础上进一步认识社会主义本质
6.共同富裕是中国特色社会主义的本质要求。分配制度是促进共同富裕的基础性制度。坚持按劳分配、多种分配方式并存，构建初次分配、再分配、第三次分配协调配套的制度体系，对于处理效率和公平关系，逐步缩小贫富差距具有非常重要的意义。在这一制度体系中，除了健全完善初次分配、再分配机制外，还要重视发挥第三次分配的作用。当前，要做好第三次分配的作用，需要做的是
A.提高劳动报酬在分配中比重
B.加大税收、社保、转移支付等的调节力度
C.引导、支持有意愿的有能力的企业、社会组织和个人积极参与公益慈善事业
D.健全劳动、资本、土地等生产要素按贡献决定报酬机制
7.坚持总体国家安全观，必须坚持国家利益至上，以人民安全为宗旨，以政治安全为根本，以经济安全为基础，以军事、科技、文化、社会安全为保障，以促进国际安全为依托，统筹外部安全和内部安全、国土安全和国民安全、传统安全和非传统安全、自身安全和共同安全，统筹维护国家安全和塑造国家安全。坚持总体国家安全观，归根到底是为了
A.顺应世界变化发展的新趋势
B.增强全民国家安全意识
C.破解国家发展中遇到的安全难题
D.确保中华民族伟大复兴的进程不被迟滞甚至中断
8.作为一个无产阶级政党，如何永远得到人民的拥护和支持，如何跳出治乱兴衰周期率，实现长期执政，是中国共产党必须回答好、解决好的根本性问题。对于这一历史之问、时代之问，毛泽东统治在延安窑洞里给出了第一个答案，“只有让人民来监督政府，政府才不敢松懈，只有人人起来负责，才不会人亡政息。”经过党的十八大以来的不懈努力，我党找到了第二个答案，这就是
A.坚定理想 B.自我革命
C.把权力关进制度的笼子 D.增强忧患意识
9.中国是一个文明古国，为人类文明作出了不可磨灭的贡献。经过工业革命，到19世纪中叶，西方资本主义强国的经济和技术飞速发展。中国错失了工业革命的机遇，大幅落后于时代的原因是
A.中国的封建统治者夜郎自大、闭关锁国
B.资本-帝国主义国家对华进行资本输出
C.中国社会阶级关系发生深刻变动
D.中国被纳入资本主义世界体系
10.大革命失败后，社会被白色恐怖笼罩着，于是中共中央1927年8月7日在汉口召开了八七会议。这次会议
A.批评了大革命后期的左倾倾向
B.提出了党的工作重心由城市向乡村转移的必要性
C.提出了组织湘鄂粤赣农民秋收起义
D.确立了土地改革和武装起义方针
11.延安是中国革命的圣地。从1935年到1948年，党中央和毛泽东等老一辈革命家在延安生活和战斗了13年，领导中国革命事业从低潮走向高潮、实现历史性转折，扭转了中国的前途和命运。2022年10月27日，习大大带领中共中央政治局常委专程从北京前往延安，瞻仰延安革命纪念地，宣示新一届中央领导集体将继承和发扬延安时期党形成的优良革命传统和作风。延安精神最主要体现了党的宗旨是
A.全心全意为人民服务
B.坚定正确的政治方向
C.解放思想实事求是
D.自力更生艰苦奋斗
12.社会主义革命和建设时期，党面临的主要任务是，实现从新民主主义到社会主义的转变，进行社会主义革命，推进社会主义建设，为实现中华民族伟大复兴奠定根本政治前提和制度基础。中国社会步入社会主义社会的标志是
A.社会主义政治制度的确立
B.社会主义经济制度的确立
C.民主革命遗留任务的完成
D.人民民主专政政权的建立
13.公民道德建设对提高人民思想觉悟、道德水准、文明素养，提高全社会文明程度具有至关重要的作用。适应新时代新要求，党中央根据变化了的形势和公民道德建设的新需要，于2019年颁布了《新时代公民道德建设实施纲要》，明确强调新时代公民道德建设的着力点是
A.弘扬民族精神和时代精神
B.推动理想信念教育常态化制度化
C.推进社会公德、职业道德、家庭美德、个人品德建设
D.传承孝老爱亲、扶危济困、见义勇为等中华美德
14.党的二十大报告指出，我们要坚持走中国特色社会主义法治道路建设，中国特色社会主义法治体系建设社会主义法治国家围绕保障和促进社会公平正义坚持依法治国、依法执政、依法行政，共同推进坚持法治国家、法制政府、法制社会一体建设，全面推进科学立法、严格执法、公正司法、全民守法，全面推进国家各个方面工作法治化，坚持全面依法治国首先要
A.坚持依宪治国 B.坚持依法行政
C.坚持依法执政 D.坚持公正司法
15.2022年4月8日，北京冬奥会、冬残奥会总结表彰大会在北京举行。习大大强调，伟大事业孕育伟大精神，伟大精神推进伟大事业。我国广大参与者珍惜伟大时代赋予的机遇，在冬奥申办、筹办、举办的过程中，共同创造了北京冬奥精神。北京冬奥精神是
A.更快、更高、更强、更团结
B.胸怀大局、自信开放、迎难而上、追求卓越、共创未来
C.勇气、决心、激励、平等
D.一起向未来
16.2022年11月11日，第二十五次中国-东盟领导人会议在柬埔寨金边举行，发表了中国-东盟国家就南海问题达成的又一份重要文件。这份重要文件是
A.《中国和东盟国家外交部长关于全面有效落实<南海各方行为宣言>联合声明》
B.落实《南海各方行为宣言》指导方针
C.纪念《南海各方行为宣言》签署十周年声明
D.纪念《南海各方行为宣言》签署二十周年声明
二、多项选择题：共17题，每小题2分，共34分。下列每题给出的四个选项中，至少有两个选项是符合题目要求的，多选或少选均不得分。
17.恩格斯说：“单凭观察所得的经验，是决不能充分证明必然性的。这是如此正确，以至于不能从太阳总是在早晨升起来判断它明天会再升起。”这说明
A.感性认识有待于上升为理性认识
B.感性认识具有局限性
C.事物的必然性与感性认识毫无关系
D.归纳方法是有局限性的
17.马克思、恩格斯在领导无产阶级斗争的实践中，始终强调领袖权威的必要性和重要性。马克思说过，“一个单独的提琴手是自己指挥自己，一个乐队就需要一个乐队指挥。”恩格斯也指出，“没有权威，就不可能有任何的一致行动”，并以大海航行的例子说明权威的重要性。在总结巴黎公社失败的经验教训时，马克思深刻指出，革命胜利后组织新政权、维护新政权、建设新政权都需要权威。恩格斯则明确指出，“巴黎公社遭到灭亡，就是由于缺乏集中和权威”。这表明，无产阶级领袖在历史上能够
A.引领社会发展的方向
B.影响历史事件的进程
C.凝聚人民群众的力量
D.创造人类社会的历史
18.苏轼在《题西林壁》中写道“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同”人们之所以对同一个事物会有横侧、远近、高低等评价差异，是因为
A.评价客体没有自身固有的本质与特性
B.评价过程与评价主体有着直接的关系
C.评价没有正确与错误、善恶的区别
D.评价结果随之客体的相互关系而改变
19.马克思的平均利润理论深刻阐明了资本主义社会利润转换为平均利润以及剩余价值被进一步分割的原理，在利润率平均化的过程中，仍然能获得平均利润的资本有
A.产业资本 B.农业资本
C.商业资本 D.借贷资本
20.自20世纪70年代由美国主导的布雷顿森林体系崩溃以来，资本主义国家的金融垄断资本获得了快速发展。金融垄断资本得以形成和壮大的重要制度条件是
A.金融创新
B.金融市场监管加强
C.金融自由化
D.金融危机频繁发生
21.十月革命胜利后，为捍卫年轻的苏维埃政权，列宁领导的苏维埃政权从1918年夏到1921年春实行了战时共产主义政策。战时共产主义政策是苏维埃俄国面临帝国主义武装干涉和国内战争被迫采取的一种临时性政策。战时共产主义政策主要内容有
A.余粮收集制
B.取消商品货币关系
C.发展多种所有制
D.支持农民耕种自留地
22.中国共产党的历史，是一部不断推进的马克思主义中国化、时代化的历史，是一部不断推进理论创新、进行理论创造的历史。在这一历程中，毛泽东是马克思主义中国化的伟大开拓者和毛泽东思想的主要创立者，其主要贡献是
A.第一次明确提出了“马克思主义中国化”的科学命题和重大任务
B.深刻论证了马克思主义中国化的必要性和重要性
C.系统阐述了马克思主义中国化的科学内涵
D.全面清除了马克思主义中国化认识上的各种障碍
23.资本是社会主义市场经济的重要生产要素。党的十八大以来，我们对资本性质的理解逐步深化，对资本作用的认识更趋全面，对资本规律的把握更加深入，对资本运行的治理能力不断提高。对社会主义市场经济条件下的资本已经形成的认识主要有
A.资本是带动各类生产要素集聚配置的重要纽带，是促进社会生产力发展的重要力量
B.规范和约束资本的逐利本性，防止对经济社会发展带来不可估量的危害
C.完善我国资本市场基础制度，为各类资本发展释放出更大空间
D.既注重保障资本参与社会分配获得增殖和发展，更注重维护按劳分配的主体地位
24.开放是人类文明进的重要动力，是世界繁荣发展的必由之路。面对世界范围内保护主义抬头，逆全球化趋势加剧的现实中国于2018-2022年连续五年举办了五届世界上首个以进口为主题的国宝级国际进口博览会。前四届有120多家世界级500强及行业龙头企业连续参赛，累计意向成交额达2700多亿美元。今年参加的第五届中国国际进口博览会的世界500强和行业龙头超过280家，回头率近90%，累计意向成交735.2亿美元，中国国际进口博览会的成功举办充分表明，它正成为
A.世界经济增长的引擎
B.我国构建新发展格局的窗口
C.我国推进高水平对外开放的平台
D.全球共享的国际公共产品
25.湿地保护是生态文明建设的重要内容。古往今来人类逐水而居，文明伴水而生，人类生产生活同湿地有着密切联系，十年来，我国大力推进生态文明建设，加强湿地保护修复，构建保护制度体系，出台《湿地保护法》，使湿地生态状况得以持续改善，目前，我国湿地面积达到5635万公顷。在《湿地公约》认定的43个国际湿地城市中，我国有13个城市入选，是全球入选国际湿地城市数量最多的国家。湿地保护有利于
A.促进人与自然和谐共生
B.推行草原、森林、河流、湖泊、湿地休养生息
C.提升生态系统多样性、稳定性、持续性
D.发挥湿地功能，推进持续发展，应对气候变化
26.坚持和发展马克思主义，必须同中华优秀传统文化相结合，中华优秀传统文化源远流长，博大精深是中华文明的智慧结晶，蕴含着天下为公、民为根本、为政为德、革故鼎新、任人唯贤、天人合一、自强不息、厚德载物、讲信修睦、亲仁善邻等思想观念，这些
A.与马克思主义理论一脉相承
B.同科学社会主义价值观主张是有高度契合性
C.完整体现了马克思主义的立场观点和方法
D.体现着中国人民的宇宙观、天下观、社会观、道德观
27.1905年至1907年间，围绕中国社会变革问题，资产阶级革命派与改变派分别从《民报》、《新民从报》为主要舆论阵地，展开了一场论战，这场论战
A.聚焦要不要以革命手段推翻清王朝
B.实质上是资产阶级思想与封建主义思想的交锋
C.传播了民主革命思想，促进了革命形势的发展
D.暴露了革命派在思想理论方面的弱点
28.《反对本本主义》是毛泽东在土地革命战争时期为反对当时红军中的教条主义思想而写的重要著作。毛泽东在这篇著作中提出的重要思想有
A.关心群众，注意工作方法
B.把城市工作和根据地工作提到同样重要的地位
C.没有调查，就没有发言权
D.中国革命的斗争的胜利要靠中国同志了解中国情况
29.党的十一届三中全会标志着中国共产党重新确立了马克思主义的思想路线、政治路线、组织路线，实现了新中国成立以来党的历史上具有深远意义的伟大转折，开启了我国改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的新时期。全会作出实行改革开放的历史性决策，是基于
A.对党的和国家前途命运的深刻把握
B.对社会主义革命和建设实践的深刻总结
C.对时代潮流的深刻洞察
D.对人民群众期盼和需要的深刻体悟
30.社会主义道德是崭新类型的道德，与以往的社会道德形态相比，社会主义道德具有显著的先进性特征。先进性主要体现在
A.它是对人类优秀道德资源的批判继承和创新发展
B.它克服了以往阶级社会道德的片面性和局限性
C.它是调节社会一切行为规范的准则
D.它是社会主义经济基础的反映
31.法律义务是指由一定的社会物质生活条件所制约的社会责任，是保证法律所规定的义务人按照权利人要求从事一定行为或不从事一定行为以满足权利人权益的法律手段。正确的有
A.法律义务必须依法设定
B.法律义务是一成不变的
C.法律义务源于现实需要
D.法律义务是义务人自主实施的行为
32.2022年8月10日，国务院台湾事务办公室，国务院新闻办公室发表《台湾问题与新时代中国统一事业》白皮书，该白皮书发表有利于
A.揭批台独分裂势力和外部势力勾连挑衅，企图损害中国主权和领土完整，阻挠破坏中国统一进程和恶劣言行
B.最大限度争取两岸同胞，国际社会的理解和支持
C.展现中国共产党和中国政府愿继续以最大诚意，尽最大努力争取和平统一的立场和态度
D.提振全党全国各族人民矢志追求国家统一的精气神，增强岛内和海外反“独”促统力量的信心和勇气
33.2022年11月15日二十国集团领导人第十七次峰会在印度尼西亚巴厘岛举行，习大大出席并发表题为《共迎时代挑战，共建美好未来》的重要讲话，倡议推动
A.更具竞争的全球发展
B.更加包容的全球发展
C更加普惠的全球发展
D.更有韧性的全球发展
三、材料分析题:34-38小题，每小题10分，共50分。要求结合所学知识分析材料回答问题。
34.结合材料回答问题:
党的二十大报告指出:“全面建设社会主义现代化国家，最艰巨最繁重的任务仍然在农村,”建设农业强国是一项长期而艰巨的历史任务，要“确保中国人的饭碗牢牢端在自己手中”，就要深入实施“藏粮于地、藏粮于技”战略，加强高标准农田建设和中低产田改造，综合利用盐碱地。
盐碱地改良是世界性难题和复杂的系统工程，必须坚持系统观念。土壤结构、盐分、微生物群落、作物品种、水利等众多因素交织在一起，互相影响，只有将它们全部调整到最佳状态，作物才能健康生长，盐碱荒地才能变成生态良田。
盐碱土壤颗粒细，无正常土壤的团粒结构，板结、干硬、不透水、不透气，盐碱难以随水洗掉，于是科学家从改变土壤团粒结构出发，发明一种生物基的“粘结剂”，将细小的盐碱土壤颗粒粘结成大颗粒，人造一种“团粒结构”，土壤通透性提高了，盐碱就能够被快速地淋洗掉，促进土壤团聚体的形成。科学家发现，如果工程设施和土壤改良不配套，缺少整体系统化的治理方案，不仅作物不具备生长条件，还会不断重复“脱盐-返盐”的问题，改良周期长。为了解决这一问题，科学家把实验室建在田间地头，优化各种技术参数，在各盐碱区域建立起不同治理模式。在天津、江苏、山东、针对土壤易受到海潮侵蚀，改良过的土壤容易重新返盐，科学家就流堤建闸，控制地下水位，防止返盐，改良土壤;在山西、内蒙古，针对矿化水灌溉、渠道渗漏抬高地下水位，造成盐化土壤带，导致盐碱与干旱并存，科学家就建立灌排系统、控制地下水位，将盐分导出，重塑土壤结构、快速脱除土壤耕作层盐分，保持土壤水分。科学家还针对盐碱土壤的纽成和肥力，开发出专用功能性材料、抗盐碱种子处理剂和抗逆材料理解决盐碱土微生物群落结构单一问题，开展耐盐品种筛选等，最终创建了以“重塑土壤，高效脱盐，疏堵结合，垦造良田”为原则的生态修复盐碱地系统工程技术体系。
——摘编自《人民日报》(2022年7月4日、10月26日)
(1)从实践与认识的辩证运动角度，说明科学家将“盐碱荒地”改造成“生态良田”所体现的认识论原理。(6分)
(2)为什么盐碱地改良“必须坚持系统观念”？(4分)
35.结合材料回答问题:
材料1
党的十八大以来，以习大大为核心的党中央统筹推进“五位一体”总体布局、协调推进“四个全面”战略布局，采取一系列战略性举措，推进一系列变革性实践，实现一系列突破性进展，取得一系列标志性成果，经受住了来自政治、经济、意识形态自然界等方面的风险挑战考验，党和国家事业取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革。
十年来，我们全面建成小康社会、实现第一个百年奋斗目标，国家经济实力、科技实力、综合国力、国际影响力持续增强，国内生产总值从五十四万亿元增长到一百一四万亿元，我国经济总量占世界经济的比重达百分之十八点五，提高七点二个百分点，稳居世界第二位;人均国内生产总值从三万九千八百元增加到八万一千元。城镇化率高十一点六个百分点，达到百分之六十四点七。制造业规模、外汇储备稳居世界第一。我们加快推进科技自立自强，全社会研发经费支出从一万亿元增加到二万八千亿元，居世界第二位，研发人员总量居世界首位。基础研究和原始创新不断加强，一些关键核心技术实现突破，战略性新兴产业发展壮大，载人航天、探月探火，深海深地探测，超级计算机、卫星导航、量子信息、核电技术、新能源技术、大飞机制造、生物医药等取得重大成果，进入创新型国家行列。我国成为一百四十多个国家和地区的主要贸易伙伴，货物贸易总额居世界第一，吸引外资和对外投资居世界前列，形成更大范围、更宽领域、更深层次对外开放格局。人民生活全方位改善。人均预期寿命增长到七十八点二岁，居民人均可支配收入从一万六千五百元增加到三万五千一百元。城镇新增就业年均一千三百万人以上，建成世界上规模最大的教育体系、社会保障体系、医疗卫生体系，教育普及水平实现历史性跨越，基本养老保险覆盖十亿四千万人，基本医疗保险参保率稳定在百分之九十五(人民群众获得感、幸福感、安全感更加充实、更有保障、更可持续，共同富裕取得新成效。绿色、循环、低碳发展迈出坚实步伐，生态环境保护发生历史性、转折性、全局性变化。中国特色社会主义制度更加成熟更加定型，国家治理体系和治理能力现代化水平明显提高。
——摘编自《人民日报》(2022年10月17日、9月25日)
材料2
从现在起，中国共产党的中心任务就是团结带领全国各族人民全面建成社会主义现代化强国，实现第二个百年奋斗目标，以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴。在新中国成立特别是改革开放以来长期探索和实践基础上，经过十八大以来在理论和实践上的创新突破，我们党成功推进和拓展了中国式现代化。
中国式现代化,是中国共产党领导的社会主义现代化,既有各国现代化的共同特征,更有基于自己国情的中国特色,中国式现代化是人口规模巨大的现代化、全体人民共同富裕的现代化、物质文明和精神文明相协调的现代化、人与自然和谐共生的现代化、走和平发展道路的现代化,中国式现代化的本质要求是:坚持中国共产党领导,坚持中国特色社会主义,实现高质量发展,发展全过程人民民主,丰富人民精神世界,实现全体人民共同富裕,促进人与自然和谐共生,推动构建人类命运共同体,创造人类文明新形态。
全面建成社会主义现代化强国,总的战略安排是分两步走:从二〇二〇年到二〇三五年基本实现社会主义现代化;从二〇三五年到本世纪中叶把我国建成富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国。
——摘自《中国共产党第二十次全国代表大会关于十九届中央委员会报告的决议》
(1)分析新时代十年“党和国家事业取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革”所体现的以人民为中心的发展思想。(5分)
(2)中国式现代化是中国共产党和中国人民长期实践探索的成果，是一项伟大而艰巨的事业。结合党的十八大以来的理论和实践创新突破，分析新时代党怎样“成功推进和拓展了中国式现代化”。(5分)
36.结合材料回答问题:
材料1
1945年4月21日,毛泽东在党的七大预备会议上的报告中指出:
“我们大会的方针是什么呢?应该是：团结一致，争取胜利。简单讲，就是一个团结，一个胜利。胜利是指我们的目标，团结是指我们的阵线，我们的队伍。我们要有一个团结的队伍去打倒我们的敌人，争取胜利，而队伍中间最主要的、起领导作用的，是我们的党。没有我们的党，中国人民要胜利是不可能的。”
“过去常说，团结得像一个人一样，那是写文章的词藻。我们这回说，团结得像一个和睦的家庭一样。”“要知道，一个队伍经常是不大整齐的，所以就要常常喊看齐，向左看齐，向右看齐，向中看齐，我们要向中央基准看齐，向大会基准看齐。看齐是准则，有偏差是实际生活，有了偏差，就喊看齐。”
“在党内，在革命队伍内，我们有一条方针，就是团结，在原则基础上的团结。”
——摘自《毛泽东文集》第三卷
材料2
1978年12月13日,邓小平在中央工作会议上的讲话中指出:
“这次会议开了一个多月了，就要结束了，中央提出了把全党工作的重心转到实现四个现代化上来的根本指导方针，解决了过去遗留下来的一系列重大问题必将使全党，全军和全国各族人民提高斗志，增强信心，加强团结。”
“加强全国各族人民的团结，首先要加强全党的团结，特别是要加强党的领导核心团结，我们党的团结，是建立在马列主义、毛泽东思想基础上的团结，党内要分清理论是非、路线是非，要开展批评和自我批评，互相帮助，互相监督，克服各种错误思想。”
“只要我们大家团结一致，同心同德，解放思想，开动脑筋，学会原来不懂的东西，我们就一定能够加快新长征的步伐,让我们在党中央和国务院的领导下,为改变我国的落后面貌,把我国建设成现代化的社会主义强国而奋勇前进!”
——摘自《邓小平文选》第二卷
材料3
2022年1月30日，习大大在春节团拜会上的讲话中指出:
“一百年来，党和人民取得的一切成就都是团结奋斗的结果，团结奋斗是中国共产党和中国人民最显著的精神标识。百年奋斗历史告诉我们，团结就是力量，奋斗开创未来；能团结奋斗的民族才有前途，能团结奋斗的政党才能立于不败之地，百年奋斗历史还告诉我们，围绕明确奋斗目标形成的团结才是最牢固的团结，依靠紧密团结进行的奋斗才是最有力的奋斗。”
2022年10月16日，习大大在党的二十大报告中指出;
“全面建设社会主义现代化国家、全面推进中华民族伟大复兴，关键在党。”
“全党必须牢记，坚持党的全面领导是坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的必由之路，中国特色社会主义是实现中华民族伟大复兴的必由之路，团结奋斗是中国人民创造历史伟业的必由之路，贯彻新发展理念是新时代我国发展壮大的必由之路，全面从严治党是党永葆生机活力、走好新的赶考之路的必由之路。”
“党用伟大奋斗创造了百年伟业，也一定能用新的伟大奋斗创造新的伟业。全党全军全国各族人民要紧密团结在党中央周围，牢记空谈误国、实干兴邦，坚定信心、同心同德，埋头苦干、奋勇前进，为全面建设社会主义现代化国家，全面推进中华民族伟大复兴而团结奋斗！”
——摘自《习大大谈治国理政》第四卷、习大大《高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜为全面建设社会主义现代化国家而团结奋斗–在中国共产党第二十次全国代表大会上的报告》
(1)结合当时的形势和党的任务，说明毛泽东强调“有了偏差，就喊看齐”的重要性。(5分)
(2)团结奋斗是中国共产党和中国人民最显著的精神标识。如何理解“一百年来,党和人民取得的一切成就都是团结奋斗的结果”？(5分)
37.结合材料回答问题:
材料1
伟大的精神滋养伟大的事业，从“两弹一星”到载人航天，从杂交水稻到量子计算机，我国每一项举世瞩目科技成就的问世，都离不开一代代科技工作者的矢志报国、奋力攻关。
改革开放以来，我国科技界涌现出的榜样既有铸造“天眼”的南仁东、探测深地的黄大年、北根高原的钟杨等，还有依然砥砺前行的孙家栋、黄旭华、屠呦呦等，他们以科学报国的品行和攻坚克难的毅力生动诠释了以爱国主义为底色的科学家精神。
习大大指出:“在中华民族伟大复兴的征程上，一代又一代科学家心系祖国和人民，不畏艰难，无私奉献，为科学技术进步、人民生活改善、中华民族发展作出了大贡献。新时代需要继承发扬以国家民族命运为己任的爱国主义精神，更需要继续发扬以爱国主义为底色的科学家精神。”
——摘编自《光明日报》(2020年9月14日)、人民网(2022年11月16日)
材料2
钱七虎是陆军工程大学教授，中国工程院首批院士，中国现代防护工程理论的奠基人、防护工程学科的创立者。
防护工程被誉为一个国家的“地下钢铁长城”，也是钱七虎毕生钻研的课题，60多年前,钱七虎从国外学成回国后，积极投身于国家的现代防护工程建设事业。60多年来，钱七虎始终坚守爱党、报国、强军的赤子情怀，战斗在大山深处，戈壁荒漠、边防海岛等工程一线，克服了环境艰苦、条件不足、问题复杂的诸多困难，成功研制出我国首套爆炸压力模拟器，创建了我国防护工程学科和人才培养体系，建立了我国城市人防工程毁伤理论模型和分析方法。
近年来，钱七虎带领团队勇攀科技高峰，建立了从浅埋工程到深埋工程防护、从单体工程到工程体系防护、从常规抗力到超高抗力防护等学大理论与技术体系，制定了我国首部人防工程防护标准，解决了核武器和常规武器工程防护一系列关键技术难题，为我国战略工程装上了“金钟罩”，作为多个国家重大工程的专家组成员，钱七虎在港珠澳大桥、雄安新区、南水北调工程、西气东输工程、能源地下储备等方面提出了切实可行的重大建议。由于贡献突出，获得2018年度国家最高科国技术奖，2022年被授予“八一勋章”。
创新决定未来，创造引领未来。现在，我国经济社会发展比过去任何时候都更加需要技术创新，更加需要把原始创新能力提升到突出的位置。当代青年生逢其时，施展才干的舞台无比广阔，要大力弘扬科学家精神，让青春在全面建设社会主义现代化国家的实践中绽放绚丽之花。
——摘编自《人民日报》(2020年9月15日)、《光明日报》(2022年8月1日)
(1)为什么新时代“更需要继续发扬以爱国主义为底色的科学家精神”？(6分)
(2)钱七虎为国铸盾的科学实践，对当代青年进行创新创造有何启示？(4分)
38.结合材料回答问题:
材料1
在世界百年来有之大变局中，人类发展进入具有里程碑意义的时刻。2022年11月15日，在二十国集团领导人第十七次峰会开幕的当天，联合国宣布世界人口达到了80亿。联合国秘书长古特雷斯在其发表的题为《80亿人口，一个人类》署名文章中表示，人类发展抵达这一里程碑的时刻，是庆祝多样性和进步的时刻，他同时指出，人类大家庭在日益壮大的同时，不平等问题也愈发严重，世界正逐渐走向分裂；粮食、能源危机对发展中经济体打击最大。这也是人类思考对地球负起共同责任的时刻。
习大大在党的二十大报告中指出，当前，世界之变、时代之变、历史之变正以前所未有的方式展开，人类社会面临前所未有的挑战，世界又一次站在历史的十字路口，何去何从取决于各国人民的抉择。
——摘编自《人民日报》(2022年10月17日)、新华网(2022年11月16日)
材料2
当前世界经济面临衰退风险，发展中国家首当其冲，作为全球80亿人口的重要组成部分，中国始终把自身发展置于人类发展的坐标系中，始终想着广大发展中国家的难处，照顾广大发展中国家关切，维护世界和平、促进共同发展。
作为在全球范围内以发展促民生典范的共建“一带一路”倡议，截至2021年年底，中国在24个沿线国家建设79家境外经贸合作区，累计投资430亿美元，为当地创造34.6万个就业岗位。据世界银行研究报告评估，共建“一带一路”将使相关国家760万人摆脱极端贫困、3200万人摆脱中度贫困，并将使参与国贸易增长2.8%至9.7%、全球贸易增长1.7%至6.2%、全球收入增加0.7%至2.9%。
中国提出的全球发展倡议，得到联合国等国际组织和众多国家响应，目前已有100多个国家表示支持，60余国加入“全球发展倡议之友小组”，为动荡变革的世界注入稳定性和正能量。正如联合国秘书长古特雷斯所说，在帮助发展中国家共同发展方面，中国所作的努力无可比拟。
针对人类发展面临的前所未有之挑战，习大大在二十国集团领导人峰会上发表的重要讲话中强调，各国要树立人类命运共同体意识，让团结代替分裂，合作代替对抗、包容代替排他。这为“世界怎么了，我们怎么办”的时代课题提供了中国答案。
——摘编自《光明日报》(2022年6月11日)、新华网(2022年9月14日、11月22日)
(1)为什么说“世界又一次站在历史的十字路口”？(5分)
(2)中国在帮助发展中国家共同发展方面所作的巨大贡献，体现出怎样的外交理念与大国担当？(5分)
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