2023 Lecture to NPC #7: Xi Jinping Thought and Building China’s New Energy System

This is the seventh in a series of seven lectures given to the 170 members of the PRC National People’s Congress Standing Committee. The Standing Committee is the standing legislative body of China; the full 3000-member NPC meets for two weeks every March.

Translations in this series:

• 2023 NPC Lectures: #1 PRC Constitutional System and Practice
• 2023 NPC Lectures: #2 NPC Standing Committee Organization and Procedures
• 2023 NPC Lectures: #3 Improving the Socialist Legal System with Chinese Characteristics
• 2023 NPC Lectures: #4 Xi on the People’s Congress System
• 2023 NPC Lectures: #5 NPC Budget and State Asset Supervision
• 2023 NPC Lectures #6: Archaeology and Chinese Civilization Origins Research, Political Purposes
• 2023 Lecture to NPC #7: Xi Jinping Thought and Building China’s New Energy System

In addition to the discussions of Xi Jinping Thought, there is also information on China’s current energy situation, progress and goals in the lecture translated below. Some highlights:

1. Upholding the priority position of non-fossil energy in energy development, China has promoted the leapfrog development of renewable energy. The national installed capacity of renewable energy power generation has exceeded 1.3 billion kilowatts, with hydro, wind, and solar power generation capacities stably ranking first in the world. In 2022, the national renewable energy power generation reached 2.7 trillion kilowatt-hours, with wind and solar power generation exceeding 1 trillion kilowatt-hours.
2. Significant improvements have been made in the structure of energy consumption, with the proportion of non-fossil energy in the energy consumption structure increasing significantly from 9.7% in 2012 to 17.5% in 2022, and the proportion of coal in the total energy consumption decreasing rapidly from 68.5% in 2012 to 56.2% in 2022.
3. The accumulated energy intensity has decreased by 26.4%, making it one of the fastest-reducing countries in the world. Energy efficiency improvements and carbon reduction transformations have been continuously promoted in key areas and industries, such as coal-fired power generation, aluminum smelting, and cement, with energy efficiency levels in key areas ranking among the world’s best. 
4. The energy price mechanism has been continuously improved, with key breakthroughs in the reform of transmission and distribution electricity prices, coal-electricity online prices, and market-oriented reforms for industrial and commercial electricity sales prices. The coal market price formation mechanism has been further innovated and improved, promoting the overall operation of domestic energy prices within a reasonable range, laying a solid foundation for stabilizing prices, stabilizing the economy, and stabilizing the people’s livelihood.
5. Our country still faces significant pressure in its energy transition. The situation of a heavy industrial structure, a coal-dominated energy structure, and low energy efficiency persists. The proportion of traditional industries in our country remains high, with the secondary industry accounting for about 70% of the total national energy consumption. The task of advancing industrial energy conservation and consumption reduction remains arduous, and there is still considerable room for improvement in energy efficiency. China’s energy structure is characterized by ‘rich in coal, poor in oil, and lacking in gas,’ with coal as the main component, making the transition task challenging.

In this series of translations I often use links to Chinese language sources where I did not find an adequate English language source. I run those links through Google Translate. The sinoliterate reader should be able to find resources for themselves by checked the original text that I have appended to this translation or to the URL on the Chinese title. I have appended the text as well because interesting documents often disappear from PRC websites. Sometimes documents deleted from PRC websites are still to be found on the Internet Archive. Google Translate machine translations, although still not completely accurate, have improved greatly and so are now useful for those who do not read Chinese. You may need to try several browsers to find one that brings up a page properly or, if that does not work, copy the Chinese text into a translation software application such as DeepL. Using ChatGPT for machine translation is also possible with caveats. See my note on machine translation at Chinese Language Study and Translation Tools. 

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Lecture Seven on the Performance and Learning of the 14th National People’s Congress Standing Committee

Update Date: November 3, 2023

Guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era Accelerating the Planning and Construction of a New Energy System

十四届全国人大常委会专题讲座第七讲

以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导加快规划建设新型能源体系

李春临

Li Chunlin,  Member of the Party Group and Deputy Director of the National Development and Reform Commission

Source: China National People’s Congress Website 

Chairman, Vice Chairmen, Secretary-General, and Members of the NPC Standing Committee:

The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed “accelerating the planning and construction of a new energy system.” This is a new deployment and requirement by the Central Committee of the Party for the high-quality development of energy in the new era and aligns with the strategic decisions to adapt to the overall development and take the initiative in the historical transformation of energy. According to the arrangement, I will mainly report on four aspects around this theme:

1. Deeply understand General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourse on energy work

 Comrade Xi Jinping, as the core of the CPC Central Committee, attaches great importance to energy work. Since the 18th Party Congress, General Secretary Xi Jinping has made a series of important talks on energy work from the strategic height of national development and security, scientifically answering the major questions of China’s energy transformation and high-quality development, and opening up a new road of energy development with Chinese characteristics. These important talks are an important part of Xi Jinping’s thought on socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, and provide strategic guidance, fundamental guidelines and action guidance for promoting energy development in the new era. We must learn and understand the important theses of General Secretary Xi Jinping on energy work, which can be recognized and grasped from the following six aspects:

1.1 The “Four Revolutions and One Cooperation” , a new energy security strategy, leads China to a new stage of high-quality energy development.

In June 2014, General Secretary Xi Jinping creatively proposed the “Four Revolutions and One Cooperation” 四个革命、一个合作  sì gè gémìng, yīgè hézuò new energy security strategy during the sixth meeting of the Central Leading Group for Finance and Economics 中央财经领导小组. This strategy includes 

• promoting the revolution in energy consumption, 
• restraining unreasonable energy consumption, 
• promoting the revolution in energy supply, 
• establishing a diversified supply system, 
• promoting the revolution in energy technology, 
• driving industrial upgrading, 
• promoting the revolution in energy systems, 
• opening up a fast track for energy development, and 
• comprehensively strengthening international cooperation to achieve energy security under open conditions. 

The “Four Revolutions and One Cooperation” new energy security strategy is a complete theoretical system that not only points the direction for high-quality energy development but also provides a scientific methodology for promoting energy reform and development in depth. This requires us to adhere to a systemic perspective, comprehensively promote the transformation of energy consumption patterns, build a diversified and clean energy supply system, implement the strategy of innovation-driven development, continuously deepen the reform of the energy system, and actively promote international cooperation in the field of energy to deepen and solidify the new energy security strategy.

[Note: Excerpt from 2019 CITIC Economic Tribute article  “Understand the major energy strategic thinking of “Four Revolutions and One Cooperation” from the perspective of energy capital“   能源资本认识“四个革命、一个合作”的重大能源战略思想    “International energy cooperation: ensuring global supply of energy forms and energy capital circulation: China’s energy dependence on foreign countries is increasing, which is the biggest challenge to energy supply security. Under certain specific time and space conditions, it will become a bottleneck restricting China’s economic and social development. The laws of nature tell us that an isolated system can only maintain its normal operation by opening up to the external system and absorbing more external energy. 

General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed “strengthening international cooperation in all aspects and achieving energy security under open conditions”, which requires China’s energy field to absorb new energy through systematic opening to the outside world, thereby achieving new development and progress.  There are many indicators that tell us if a country is big or strong, but such countries are always an energy country and an energy power. This kind of bigness and strength includes two aspects: supply and consumption. China is the largest energy consumer, and its dependence on foreign energy sources is increasing year by year. We must look at this fact from two aspects: the positive side, the connection with the outside world is getting closer and closer, and energy is continuously absorbed from the external system to maintain the lowest entropy increase; the negative side, once energy security becomes an issue, The country’s overall security has lost its material foundation and source of motivation. Faced with this grim reality, China must strengthen international cooperation in the energy field and mainly solve three major problems: First, solve the problem of sufficient energy supply in China; second, solve the problem of the progress of China’s energy technology; third, solve the problem of building a community with a shared future for mankind. The problem of power source.”  End note]

1.2 “Energy security and safety are the most important concerns of the country” points out the primary issues of China’s energy development.

In July 2023, during an inspection in Jiangsu, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that energy security and safety are crucial to the country and cannot be ignored for a moment, emphasizing that they are “the most important concerns of the country.” In October 2021, during an inspection and investigation at the Shengli Oilfield, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized the need to develop the real economy, stating that we must hold the “rice bowl” of energy in our own hands. The important discourse of the General Secretary profoundly explains the important significance of ensuring the stable supply of energy security for the stable and healthy development of the economy and society under new conditions and reflects a profound consideration of ensuring China’s energy security in the new era, demonstrating a firm will to maintain the security and development of the country. This requires us to adhere to the bottom-line thinking, continuously strengthen the construction of the energy production-supply-storage-sales system, enhance the sustainable and stable supply of energy, and improve the capability of risk control, providing strong energy security for the high-quality development of the economy and society.

1.3 “Upholding the Principle of Putting Making People Central” delineates the essential characteristics of China’s energy development.

Upholding the principle of putting the people at the center is the fundamental starting point and foothold of energy work. In July 2015, during the tenth meeting of the Central Leading Group for Finance and Economics, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that photovoltaic power poverty alleviation achieves two goals at once, both poverty alleviation and the development of new energy, and support should be increased.

In January 2022, when extending warm New Year wishes to people of all ethnic groups nationwide, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized the need to strengthen the responsibility for ensuring the supply of energy for people’s livelihood, ensuring that the people can spend the winter safely and warmly. The important discourse of the General Secretary fully demonstrates the stance and sentiment of people first. This requires us to adhere to securing the bottom line of people’s livelihoods, comprehensively promote the construction of energy use in urban and rural areas, strengthen the regulation of coal, electricity, oil, and gas transportation, and effectively prioritize ensuring and improving the energy use for people’s livelihoods as the primary goal of energy development.

1.4 Adhering to Green and Low-Carbon Development Establishes a Clear Orientation for China’s Energy Transformation

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that green and low-carbon development is the trend, and those who follow it will prosper. He also emphasized that green and low-carbon development is a complex task and a long-term mission for comprehensive transformation of economic and social development. General Secretary Xi’s important discourse reveals the global trend and logic of energy development, summarizes the characteristics, trends, and principles of China’s energy development in the new era, and provides practical guidance. This requires us to firmly follow the path of high-quality development with ecological priorities and low-carbon characteristics, adhere to a holistic approach, coordinate energy transformation and security, handle the complementary, coordinated, and alternative relationships between different energy varieties in different stages of transformation, promote the optimization combination of traditional and new energy, and better support the achievement of carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals.

1.5  Paying Attention to China’s National Conditions and Resource Endowment Clarifies the Strategic Foundation for China’s Energy Security and Transformation

In September 2021, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized during his inspection in Yulin, Shaanxi, that as China’s main energy source, coal must follow the development direction of green and low-carbon, benchmark the tasks of achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality, and rely on the national situation, control the total amount, secure the bottom line, orderly reduce and replace, and promote the transformation and upgrading of coal consumption.

In December 2021, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out at the Central Economic Work Conference that relying on coal is our basic national condition, and achieving carbon peak must be based on this reality. General Secretary Xi’s important discourse indicates that coal is the “ballast” of China’s energy security, and to do a good job in energy, we must base it on the actual situation where coal is the mainstay, and make good use of coal, which is a stable, economical, and domestically secured source of energy, is of great significance to China’s energy transformation and high-quality economic development. This requires us to further consolidate the security foundation of coal, vigorously promote the clean and efficient utilization of coal, promote the transformation and upgrading of coal consumption, and continuously enhance the stability, security, and sustainability of energy supply.

1.6   Accelerating the Planning and Construction of a New Energy System Establishes the Fundamental Path for China’s High-Quality Energy Development in the New Era

General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly stated the need to build a clean, low-carbon, safe, and efficient energy system, and further proposed in the report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China to accelerate the planning and construction of a new energy system. The new energy system is in line with the new energy security strategy, and it is a new form of systematic reshaping as the energy system evolves and upgrades. General Secretary Xi’s important discourse answers the question of China’s high-quality energy development in the new era, and points out the key tasks and directions for future energy work. This requires us to adapt to new trends and requirements, promote the coordinated and complementary development of fossil energy and non-fossil energy, firmly grasp the essential characteristics of clean, low-carbon, safe, and efficient energy, accelerate the planning and construction of a new energy systems, and provide energy support for high-quality economic development and the promotion of China’s modernization.

II. Great Achievements in China’s Energy Development since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China

Under the guidance of the “Four Revolutions, One Cooperation” new energy security strategy, China’s energy revolution has made significant progress, ensuring the effective security of energy for over 1.4 billion people, achieving significant achievements in the construction of energy infrastructure, and major breakthroughs in nuclear power and new energy technologies. The vivid practice of the energy revolution in the new era of the past ten years has provided important support for building a well-off society in an all-round way and laid a solid foundation for the comprehensive opening of a socialist modern country. This is mainly reflected in the following five aspects:

2.1 Vigorous Construction of a Diverse Supply System, Significant Enhancement of Energy Supply Guarantee Capacity

Upholding the priority position of non-fossil energy in energy development, China has promoted the leapfrog development of renewable energy. The national installed capacity of renewable energy power generation has exceeded 1.3 billion kilowatts, with hydro, wind, and solar power generation capacities stably ranking first in the world. In 2022, the national renewable energy power generation reached 2.7 trillion kilowatt-hours, with wind and solar power generation exceeding 1 trillion kilowatt-hours. 

The assured foundation for fossil energy supply has been further strengthened. Deepening the structural reform of the supply side, the quality of coal supply has continued to improve; vigorously promoting oil and gas exploration and production, stabilizing crude oil production at over 200 million tons, and increasing natural gas production to over 220 billion cubic meters; focusing on the big issue of clean and efficient use of coal, actively promoting the “Three Reforms” 三改联动 of coal-fired power plants:  energy-saving and carbon reduction, flexibility enhancement, and heating plant conversion, with a completed transformation scale exceeding 520 million kilowatts. 

The transmission capacity of energy has significantly increased, and the energy infrastructure network that spans east and west, north and south, urban and rural areas, and is interconnected has been basically completed. At present, China has basically formed an energy supply guarantee system driven by coal, oil, gas, nuclear, and renewable energy, with an energy self-sufficiency rate of over 80%, firmly holding the bottom line of energy security.

2.2  Comprehensive Promotion of Energy Consumption Transformation, Significant Achievements in Energy Efficiency Improvement and Structural Optimization

Deeply implementing General Secretary Xi Jinping’s ecological civilization 生態文明 ideology, firmly establishing the guideline of energy conservation priority, and promoting the continuous improvement of energy utilization efficiency. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has supported an average annual energy consumption growth rate of 3%, sustaining an average economic growth rate of 6.2%. The accumulated energy intensity has decreased by 26.4%, making it one of the fastest-reducing countries in the world. Energy efficiency improvements and carbon reduction transformations have been continuously promoted in key areas and industries, such as coal-fired power generation, aluminum smelting, and cement, with energy efficiency levels in key areas ranking among the world’s best. 

Significant improvements have been made in the structure of energy consumption, with the proportion of non-fossil energy in the energy consumption structure increasing significantly from 9.7% in 2012 to 17.5% in 2022, and the proportion of coal in the total energy consumption decreasing rapidly from 68.5% in 2012 to 56.2% in 2022. In recent years, China’s new energy vehicles have developed rapidly, with production and sales volumes ranking first in the world for eight consecutive years, becoming a prominent highlight of the upgrading of the energy consumption structure. As of the end of September 2023, the stock of new energy vehicles in China reached 18.21 million.

2.3   Playing a Leading Role in Innovation, Rapid Improvement in the Technological Level of Energy Equipment

Persisting in innovation as the primary driving force, fully leveraging the advantages of the new national system, and accelerating the independent development of energy science and technology. China now has a leading global advantage in clean energy technology and equipment. New energy technologies such as wind power and photovoltaics are at the forefront internationally, with photovoltaic cell conversion efficiency breaking world records multiple times. The construction capacity of million-kilowatt-level hydroelectric units is leading globally. 

China has developed independent third-generation large advanced pressurized water nuclear reactor technology, represented by the “Hualong One” and “Guohe One.” A complete clean energy equipment manufacturing industry chain has been established, covering wind power, solar power, hydro power, and nuclear power. New energy technologies, models, and formats are flourishing, and emerging industries such as “Internet +” smart energy, “photovoltaic +” industry, integrated energy systems, and comprehensive energy services continue to emerge. The energy storage industry chain and the hydrogen energy industry chain have formed characteristic advantages, and the energy industry chain is accelerating towards high-end and modernization.

2.4   Deepening Energy System and Mechanism Reform, Fully Releasing the Effectiveness of Energy Governance

Adhering to the combination of effective market and proactive government, continuously deepening market-oriented reforms in key areas and key links. The legal system for energy has been continuously improved, with energy laws and regulations in areas such as coal, electricity, and renewable energy being continuously revised. The level of energy marketization has been comprehensively improved. The construction of a multi-level unified electricity market system has steadily progressed. The oil and gas market system with multiple subjects, multi-channel supply, efficient unified pipeline transportation, and fully competitive downstream sales has been initially formed. 

The reform of the long-term contract system for coal-electricity has been continuously improved, and the national coal trading center has officially started operation. The energy price mechanism has been continuously improved, with key breakthroughs in the reform of transmission and distribution electricity prices, coal-electricity online prices, and market-oriented reforms for industrial and commercial electricity sales prices. The coal market price formation mechanism has been further innovated and improved, promoting the overall operation of domestic energy prices within a reasonable range, laying a solid foundation for stabilizing prices, stabilizing the economy, and stabilizing the people’s livelihood. Significant progress has been made in the fair and open development of the energy market. China’s ranking in the World Bank’s “Getting Electricity” indicator has risen to 12th place globally, entering the “best practices” category.  能源市场化水平全面提升，多层次统一电力市场体系建设稳步推进，上游油气资源多主体多渠道供应、中间统一管网高效集输、下游销售市场充分竞争的油气市场体系初步形成，电煤中长期合同制度不断完善，全国煤炭交易中心正式运营。能源价格机制不断完善，输配电价改革、煤电上网电价改革、工商业销售电价市场化改革迈出关键步伐，煤炭市场价格形成机制进一步创新完善，推动国内能源价格总体运行在合理区间，为稳物价、稳经济、稳民生奠定了坚实基础。能源市场公平开放取得显著进展，世界银行营商环境评价体系中的“获得电力”指标上升至世界第十二位，跻身于“全球最佳实践行列”。

2.5  Comprehensive Strengthening of International Energy Cooperation, Accelerating the Formation of an Open and Win-Win New Energy Pattern

Persisting in unwaveringly advancing high-level opening up and promoting the sustainable development of global energy. China has developed comprehensive energy cooperation relations with countries around the world, conducting extensive exchanges and cooperation in energy trade, investment, production capacity, equipment, technology, standards, and other fields. 

Major technological equipment exports, such as nuclear power, ultra-high voltage transmission, and new energy, have achieved significant results. The strategic channels for oil and gas imports and cooperation zones have been further consolidated and improved, and energy imports have become more diversified. The high-quality construction of the “Belt and Road” has been solidly promoted, and a number of major energy infrastructure interconnection projects have been completed and put into operation, achieving optimal allocation of global energy resources on a larger scale. 

Actively participating in global energy governance, China has established government-to-government energy cooperation mechanisms with more than 90 countries and regions and established cooperative relations with more than 30 international organizations and multilateral mechanisms in the energy field, contributing China’s wisdom and strength to promote global energy development.

III. The Situation and Challenges Facing China’s High-Quality Energy Development

In today’s world, the great changes that occur once in a century are accelerating, and a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is deepening. Global energy development is showing new trends and patterns, with green and low-carbon becoming the main theme. A new journey to address climate change has been initiated globally, with over 130 countries and regions proposing carbon neutrality goals. 

Accelerating China’s low-carbon transformation has become a consensus among countries worldwide. New opportunities for the development of clean and low-carbon energy are emerging. The global energy system is undergoing a rapid transformation, with new energy and information technologies closely integrated, and production and lifestyle are accelerating towards low-carbon and intelligent transformation. 

The energy development model is entering a new stage dominated by non-fossil energy. The global energy supply and demand pattern is undergoing a deep adjustment, with the focus of energy consumption shifting eastward, and the production center moving westward, highlighting the further polarization of the global energy supply pattern. At the same time, China’s energy revolution is deepening, and the energy structure is continuously optimizing. The world-leading clean energy industry system has laid the foundation and advantages for accelerating energy transformation and development. However, China still faces challenges and difficulties, such as a more complex external environment and prominent imbalances and inadequacies in domestic energy development. These challenges mainly focus on the following five aspects:

3.1  Increasing Instability and Uncertainty in the Global Energy Market

As the response to climate change accelerates the adjustment of the global energy pattern, the supply of traditional energy is decreasing, and new energy development is rapid but volatile. This has led to a significant increase in the instability of the global energy supply system. Frequently conflicts of interest arise and various kinds of games are being played between energy-producing and energy-consuming countries are frequent, and the resilience of the international energy market to shocks has significantly decreased. Unpredictable factors such as geopolitical conflicts and extreme weather events are increasing, causing intensified fluctuations in the global energy market and affecting the low-carbon transformation and stable operation of global energy.

3.2  Intensified Technological Competition in Emerging Energy Fields

The new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is reconstructing the global innovation landscape and reshaping the global economic structure. Green and low-carbon development has become a high ground for global strategic competition, and emerging energy technologies such as new energy, advanced nuclear energy, new energy storage, and hydrogen energy are accelerating iterations of advances. The competition among modern energy technologies are intensifying, profoundly affecting national development and international competition.

3.3  Our country still faces significant pressure in its energy transition. The situation of a heavy industrial structure, a coal-dominated energy structure, and low energy efficiency persists. The proportion of traditional industries in our country remains high, with the secondary industry accounting for about 70% of the total national energy consumption. The task of advancing industrial energy conservation and consumption reduction remains arduous, and there is still considerable room for improvement in energy efficiency. China’s energy structure is characterized by ‘rich in coal, poor in oil, and lacking in gas,’ with coal as the main component, making the transition task challenging.

3.4  Domestic energy security risks and challenges are further highlighted. In the coming period, China’s energy demand will continue to grow, and the difficulty and complexity of ensuring energy security remain prominent. There is a spatial mismatch between the energy supply zone and the consumption zone in the country, and there is a reverse distribution of energy resources and load centers. Peak periods of scarcity in supply may occur in areas that are both resource-deprived and have high loads. The large-scale development of new energy still faces various constraints, such as insufficient land and storage and a shortage of resources for adjustment.

3.5  Further deepening reform of the institutional mechanisms in the energy sector is needed. Under the overall planning of the Party Central Committee, the main framework of China’s energy reform, the ‘Four Beams and Eight Pillars,’ 四梁八柱 sì liángbāzhù has been basically established. The mechanism where the market determines energy prices is continuously improving, and the governance capacity of the energy sector has been effectively enhanced. However, there is still a certain gap to fully adapt to China’s clean and low-carbon energy transition. The construction of a unified national energy market system needs to be accelerated, and the role of the market in allocating energy resources needs to be further strengthened. Regulatory optimization and improvement are still needed in the energy sector, and the efficiency of governance needs further enhancement.

[Note from Baidu online encyclopedia: “The “Four Beams and Eight Pillars” 四梁八柱 sì liángbāzhù is a figurative metaphor, emphasizing the need for a basic framework for the main body of our reform. Since the 18th National Congress, the CPC Central Committee to the style of construction as an entry point from the strict governance of the party, focusing on solving the existence of the party ‘s formalism,bureaucracy,hedonism and extravagance, the style of the evils of the behavior of the dirt to a major investigation, overhaul, sweeping, the achievements are huge. But this is not enough, the Communist Party of China is in a country of 1.3 billion people ruling the party, itself has more than 88 million members, more than 4.4 million party organizations. The CPC is a party with more than 88 million members and more than 4.4 million organizations. It is a party of rules and principles. Comprehensive strict governance of the party’s work is multi-faceted, each aspect of which needs to be regulated and safeguarded by the system.” End note]

In response to the above difficulties and challenges, it is necessary to comprehensively implement the important thoughts of General Secretary Xi Jinping on energy work, be enterprising, overcome difficulties, thoroughly promote energy revolution, transform and reshape the existing energy system, accelerate the planning and construction of a new energy system, provide strong support for achieving the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, and provide strong support for promoting the Chinese-style modernization.

IV. Key Tasks for Accelerating the Planning and Construction of a New Energy System

The planning and construction of a new energy system is a long-term systematic project that must adhere to the guidance of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, be based on China’s energy resource endowment, coordinate planning, cooperate, advance step by step, and continuously strengthen the construction of the energy production, supply, storage, and sales system. On the premise of ensuring energy security, accelerate the promotion of energy green and low-carbon transformation. Clean, low-carbon, safe, and efficient are the essential characteristics of the new energy system, as well as the overall requirements for energy development. Based on the current situation and looking to the future, the planning and construction of a new energy system needs to focus on seven key tasks.

4.1  Put strong efforts into developing clean energy

First, accelerate the development of wind power and solar power generation. Considering factors such as resource endowment, consumption capacity, and construction conditions, optimize the regional layout of new energy development, adhere to the simultaneous development of centralized and distributed power generation, and vigorously develop wind power and solar power generation. Accelerate the construction of large-scale wind and photovoltaic bases, focusing on desert, semi-desert, and barren areas, and gradually promote the construction of offshore wind power bases. In industrial parks, economic development zones, oil and gas fields, and surrounding areas, promote the distributed development of wind power. Actively promote the ‘photovoltaic’ comprehensive utilization action and vigorously promote the integrated development of distributed photovoltaic power generation.

Second, coordinate hydropower development and ecological protection. Adhere to ecological priority, coordinate consideration, moderately develop large hydropower bases, actively promote the optimization and upgrading of large hydropower stations, and steadily promote the capacity expansion and transformation of hydropower units already built and under construction. Rely on the hydropower bases in the southwest to coordinate the development of water, wind, and solar energy bases, and promote the coordinated and complementary operation of water, wind, and solar power generation.

Third, actively and safely develop nuclear power. On the premise of ensuring safety, actively and orderly promote the construction of coastal nuclear power projects, maintain a stable construction pace, and reasonably arrange the addition of coastal nuclear power projects. Actively promote advanced nuclear power technology demonstrations, and carry out comprehensive utilization demonstrations of nuclear energy in clean heating, industrial heating, and seawater desalination according to local conditions. Effectively protect the resources for nuclear power plant sites.

Fourth, scientifically and orderly develop new energy such as hydrogen. Choose hydrogen production technology routes according to local conditions, focus on the development of renewable energy hydrogen production, strictly control fossil energy hydrogen production, efficiently use industrial by-product hydrogen near the source, gradually promote the construction of a clean, low-carbon, and low-cost diversified hydrogen production system, and continuously expand the application scenarios of hydrogen energy in industry, construction, transportation, and energy storage and generation. Promote the development of new energy such as biomass energy, geothermal energy, and ocean energy according to local conditions.

4.2  Focus on ensuring energy security

First, strengthen the coal safety bottom-line guarantee. Give full play to the role of coal as a ‘ballast stone,’ build five major coal supply guarantee bases in Shanxi, western Inner Mongolia, eastern Inner Mongolia, northern Shaanxi, and Xinjiang to high standards, improve coal cross-regional transportation channels and transportation systems, and enhance the cross-regional supply guarantee capability of coal. On the basis of ensuring safe supply, continuously optimize the coal production capacity structure, layout large modern coal mines with good resource conditions, strong competitiveness, and high safety guarantee levels, strengthen the construction of intelligent and safe and efficient mines, and vigorously promote the safe and green mining of coal. Promote the coordinated development of coal with coal-fired power generation and new energy.

Second, increase the exploration and development of oil and gas resources and increase reserves and production. Adhere to the simultaneous development of conventional and unconventional resources, onshore and offshore resources, strengthen domestic oil and gas exploration and development, strengthen basic geological investigations and exploration of key basins and offshore oil and gas areas, solidify the foundation for resource continuity, and promote stable and increasing oil production and rapid growth in natural gas production. Promote stable production of old oil and gas fields, increase new area production capacity construction efforts, and maintain continuous production growth. Actively expand unconventional resource exploration and development, increase efforts to develop shale oil, shale gas, and coalbed methane.

Third, make coal-fired power play the supporting and regulating role. Coordinate power supply and pollution reduction, and reasonably build clean, efficient, and advanced energy-saving coal-fired power plants according to development needs to maintain the necessary reserves for the safe and stable operation of the power system. Continuously promote the flexible transformation of existing coal-fired power units. Accelerate the transformation of coal-fired power from the main power source to the basic guarantee and system regulation power source that provides reliable capacity, peak load regulation, and frequency regulation.

Fourth, coordinate and promote the construction of underground gas storage facilities, liquefied natural gas (LNG) receiving stations, and other gas storage facilities. Establish a multi-level natural gas storage peak-load shaving and emergency system with local governments, gas supply enterprises, pipeline transportation enterprises, and urban gas enterprises each shouldering their responsibilities. Improve the coal reserve system that organically combines product reserves with capacity reserves. Enhance the rotation and utilization mechanisms for reserves and ensure standardized operations.

Fifth, establish and improve an energy control system safety monitoring and warning system. Ensure comprehensive balance between energy supply and demand and coordinate overall guarantees, strengthening the level of cross-regional energy interconnection and mutual assistance. Improve systems such as long-term contracts for electricity, coal, and natural gas, promote market-oriented agreements, and strengthen performance supervision. Perfect energy emergency support mechanisms and formulate graded and categorized contingency plans. Strengthen supervision and management of energy security production, ensuring the safety protection of crucial energy facilities and maintaining the security of energy infrastructure.

4.3  Accelerating the Construction of a New Energy System

First, build a new energy supply and consumption system suitable for China’s national conditions. Implementing classified policies based on practical considerations, addressing the relationship between high proportions of new energy supply, such as photovoltaics and wind power, and the stable operation of the power system, as well as the development of new formats and technologies.

Second, optimize the structure and operation mode of power grids. Grid enterprises will give full play to their platform role, conduct in-depth research on innovative grid structure and operation mode, and accelerate the construction of a strong and reliable smart grid. It will improve the construction and operation mechanism of microgrids and distribution grids, increase the construction and renovation of distribution grids, study smart distribution grid technologies, and enhance the ability of distribution grids to access a high proportion of distributed power sources. Promote the synergistic development of power grids at all levels.

Third, improve the demand-side management of electricity. It has established and improved the normalized operation mechanism of demand response in a market-oriented manner, and promoted the participation of demand-side resources in power market transactions. Promote the transformation of user-side regulation from government-guided to market-driven, gradually promote the incorporation of demand-side resources such as new types of energy storage, electric vehicles, virtual power plants and interruptible loads into the balance of power, and encourage power-selling companies to build an integrated energy service system based on user demand.

Fourth, promote the accelerated development of energy storage and other new industries. Give full play to the system regulation role of energy storage, promote the construction and commissioning of pumped storage power stations in a scientific and orderly manner, and strengthen the coordination of new energy storage projects with power sources, power grids and loads. Establish and improve the market mechanism to promote the development of energy storage, promote the development of new energy storage and other new technologies, and promote the large-capacity, long-time energy storage technology scale application. Clarify the functional positioning of energy storage as a power system regulating resource, and orderly promote the gradual participation of new energy storage in various types of power market transactions.

4.  Accelerating the Formation of a Green Low-Carbon Consumption Model

4.1 Fossil energy consumption should be strictly controlled. Promote the “dual control” of energy consumption and gradually shift to the “dual control” of the total amount and intensity of carbon emissions. Vigorously promote the clean and efficient utilization of coal, and on the premise of ensuring energy security, promote the substitution of coal consumption in a steady and orderly manner. Promote the development of green and clean alternative fuels. Guiding natural gas consumption in an orderly manner, and prioritizing the protection of people’s livelihood. Promote clean heating in northern regions in a steady and orderly manner, taking into account local conditions.

4.2  Actively promote green energy consumption. Improve the renewable energy power consumption system, achieve full coverage of green certificates for renewable energy power, and establish a coordinated mechanism for green certificates, green power, and carbon markets. Expand the scale of non-electric direct use of renewable energy. Advocate for a green and low-carbon production and lifestyle, increasing the proportion of green energy in terminal energy use.

4.3 Actively promote energy conservation and carbon reduction in key areas. It will improve the industrial energy-saving and green standard system, deeply implement the green manufacturing project, and carry out energy-saving technological transformation in key industrial sectors. Continuously improve the energy-saving standards for new buildings, actively promote the use of green building materials, and promote the large-scale development of ultra-low-energy, near-zero-energy and low-carbon buildings. It will promote the green and low-carbon transformation of transportation, accelerate the promotion of new energy vehicles, and build a charging and switching infrastructure network.

V.  Vigorously Promoting Energy Technological Innovation

5.1  Improve the energy science and technology innovation system. To improve the new national system of key core technologies in the field of energy, build and utilize national laboratories in the field of energy, and accelerate the breakthrough of a number of key energy technologies. Support industry leading enterprises to join colleges and universities, research institutes and industry upstream and downstream enterprises to build a national R&D and innovation platform in the field of energy, to carry out joint research around key technologies, and to implement major scientific and technological collaborative innovation research in energy.

5.2  Promote the application of advanced energy technologies and industrial upgrading. Relying on major energy projects to promote upstream and downstream enterprises to collaborate in the research and development, manufacturing and application of advanced technology and equipment, and to form advanced technology and industrialization capacity through engineering and integrated application. Improve the support policy system for the transfer and transformation of major scientific and technological innovations in energy, such as the first (set) and fault-tolerance mechanism, and promote the popularization and application of major technologies and equipment in the field of energy. Promote the deep integration of energy technology with modern information technology, new materials and advanced manufacturing technology, promote the digitalization and intelligent upgrading of the energy industry, and cultivate high-end energy equipment manufacturing clusters.

6. Continuously Deepening Energy System and Mechanism Reform

6.1  Promote energy governance in accordance with the law. We will improve the system of energy laws and regulations, accelerate the formulation and revision of the Energy Law, Renewable Energy Law, Electricity Law, Coal Law, etc., strengthen the construction of the energy standards system, and improve the relevant standards and technical specifications leading to the clean and low-carbon development of energy. Further optimize the business environment in the field of energy, and enhance the innovation vitality of market players. Improve the energy price formation mechanism. Steadily push forward the reform of the independence of natural monopoly links and the marketization of competitive links in related industries in the energy sector.

6.2  Improve the energy market system. It will establish a unified national power market system, improve the mechanism for connecting medium- and long-term power, spot and auxiliary service transactions, explore the capacity market trading mechanism, deepen reforms in key areas such as power transmission and distribution, and further improve the power market trading mechanism to better reflect the environmental value of new energy sources. Actively and steadily push forward the reform of the institutional mechanism of the oil and gas industry in the upstream, midstream and downstream, and encourage various types of social capital to participate in the investment and construction and operation of gas storage and peaking facilities. Better play the role of the coal market and effectively guide the market to balance supply and demand.

7. Strengthening International Cooperation on Energy on All Fronts

7.1  We will expand the new situation of diversified energy cooperation. 

• We will strengthen cooperation on global energy and climate change governance and promote sustainable development. 
• We will strengthen international cooperation in green and low-carbon energy technology and standard-setting, and promote international mutual recognition of renewable energy green power certificates. 
• We will further promote mutually beneficial cooperation with key energy resource countries and strengthen the docking of strategies, policies and standards.

7.2   We are deeply involved in global energy transformation and change. 

• We will actively participate in global energy governance. 
• We will deepen green production capacity cooperation with developing countries, and actively promote cooperation in the fields of wind power, solar power, energy storage and smart grid. 
• We will accelerate the “Belt and Road” green energy cooperation and promote more green energy cooperation projects. 
• We will actively explore effective ways to carry out tripartite and multi-party cooperation with developed countries, host countries and transnational corporations.

Chairman, Vice Chairmen, Secretary-General, and Members, the National People’s Congress has long attached great importance to the development and reform work, including energy. Currently, the Standing Committee of the Fourteenth National People’s Congress has included the Energy Law and the amendment of the Renewable Energy Law in the first category of legislative plans, providing strong legal guarantees for the high-quality development of energy. Next, we will adhere to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, thoroughly implement the spirit of the Nineteenth National Congress of the Party, unwaveringly deepen the energy revolution, accelerate the planning and construction of a new energy system, and make new contributions to building a socialist modernization country comprehensively and promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

—————-

十四届全国人大常委会履职学习专题讲座第七讲

更新日期： 2023-11-03

以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导

加快规划建设新型能源体系

李春临

来源： 中国人大网  浏览字号： 大 中 小

委员长，各位副委员长，秘书长，各位委员：

　　党的二十大报告提出“加快规划建设新型能源体系”，这是党中央对新时代新征程能源高质量发展的新部署新要求，也是顺应发展大势、把握能源转型变革历史主动的战略决策。根据安排，围绕这一主题我主要汇报四个方面内容：

　　一、深刻认识习近平总书记关于能源工作的重要论述

　　以习近平同志为核心的党中央高度重视能源工作。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记从国家发展和安全的战略高度，对做好能源工作作出了一系列重要论述，科学回答了我国能源转型变革和高质量发展的重大问题，开辟了中国特色能源发展新道路。这些重要论述，是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的重要组成部分，为推动新时代能源发展提供了战略指引、根本遵循和行动指南。我们必须学懂弄通做实习近平总书记关于能源工作的重要论述，可以从以下六个方面来认识和把握。

　　（一）“四个革命、一个合作”能源安全新战略引领我国迈向能源高质量发展新阶段

　　2014年6月，习近平总书记在中央财经领导小组第六次会议上创造性地提出了“四个革命、一个合作”能源安全新战略，即推动能源消费革命，抑制不合理能源消费；推动能源供给革命，建立多元供应体系；推动能源技术革命，带动产业升级；推动能源体制革命，打通能源发展快车道；全方位加强国际合作，实现开放条件下能源安全。“四个革命、一个合作”能源安全新战略是一个完整的理论体系，既为能源高质量发展指明了方向，又提供了推动能源改革发展向纵深推进的科学方法论。这要求我们，必须坚持系统观念，全面推进能源消费方式变革，构建多元清洁能源供给体系，实施创新驱动发展战略，不断深化能源体制改革，持续推进能源领域国际合作，推动能源安全新战略持续走深走实。

　　（二）“能源保障和安全是须臾不可忽视的‘国之大者’”指明了我国能源发展的首要问题

　　2023年7月，习近平总书记在江苏考察时指出，能源保障和安全事关国计民生，是须臾不可忽视的“国之大者”。2021年10月，习近平总书记考察调研胜利油田时强调，要发展实体经济，能源的饭碗必须端在自己手里。总书记的重要论述，深刻阐释了保障能源安全稳定供应对经济社会平稳健康发展的重要意义，体现了对新的时代条件下保障我国能源安全的深邃思考，展现了维护国家安全发展的坚定意志。这要求我们，必须坚持底线思维，持续加强能源产供储销体系建设，增强能源持续稳定供应和风险管控能力，为经济社会高质量发展提供坚强能源保障。

　　（三）“坚持以人民为中心”刻画了我国能源发展的本质特征

　　坚持以人民为中心是能源工作的根本出发点和落脚点。2015年7月，习近平总书记在中央财经领导小组第十次会议上指出，光伏发电扶贫，一举两得，既扶了贫，又发展了新能源，要加大支持力度。2022年1月，习近平总书记在向全国各族人民致以美好的新春祝福时强调，强化民生用能供给保障责任，确保人民群众安全温暖过冬。总书记的重要论述，充分彰显了人民至上的立场和情怀。这要求我们，必须坚持兜牢民生底线，一体化推进城乡用能建设，加强煤电油气运调节，切实将保障和改善民生用能作为能源发展的优先目标。

　　（四）“坚持绿色低碳发展”树立了我国能源转型的鲜明导向

　　习近平总书记指出，绿色低碳发展，这是潮流趋势，顺之者昌；同时强调，绿色低碳发展是经济社会发展全面转型的复杂工程和长期任务，能源结构、产业结构调整不可能一蹴而就，更不能脱离实际。总书记的重要论述，揭示了世界能源发展的大趋势大逻辑，归纳了新时代我国能源发展的特点规律、方向趋势和实践原则。这要求我们，必须坚定不移走生态优先、绿色低碳的高质量发展道路，坚持先立后破、通盘谋划，统筹能源转型发展和安全保障，处理好转型各阶段不同能源品种之间的互补、协调、替代关系，推动传统能源和新能源优化组合，更好助力实现碳达峰碳中和目标。

　　（五）“坚持立足我国国情和资源禀赋”明确了我国能源安全和转型的战略基点

　　2021年9月，习近平总书记在陕西榆林考察时强调，煤炭作为我国主体能源，要按照绿色低碳的发展方向，对标实现碳达峰、碳中和目标任务，立足国情、控制总量、兜住底线，有序减量替代，推进煤炭消费转型升级。2021年12月，习近平总书记在中央经济工作会议上指出，以煤为主是我们的基本国情，实现碳达峰必须立足这个实际。总书记的重要论述表明，煤炭是我国能源安全保障的“压舱石”，做好能源工作必须立足以煤为主的国情实际，利用好煤炭这一稳定、经济且自主保障程度较高的能源对我国能源转型、经济高质量发展具有重要意义。这要求我们，进一步夯实煤炭安全兜底保障基础，大力推进煤炭清洁高效利用，促进煤炭消费转型升级，不断增强能源供应的稳定性、安全性、可持续性。

　　（六）“加快规划建设新型能源体系”确立了新时代我国能源高质量发展的根本途径

　　习近平总书记多次指出要构建清洁低碳安全高效的能源体系，并在党的二十大报告中进一步提出加快规划建设新型能源体系。新型能源体系与能源安全新战略一脉相承，是能源体系不断演进升级从而实现系统性重塑的新形态。总书记的重要论述，解答了我国能源高质量发展的时代命题，指明了未来做好能源工作的重点任务和前进方向。这要求我们，必须适应新趋势新要求，推动化石能源和非化石能源协同互补、融合发展，牢牢把握清洁低碳安全高效的本质特征，加快规划建设新型能源体系，为助力经济高质量发展、推进中国式现代化提供能源支撑。

　　二、党的十八大以来我国能源发展取得巨大成就

　　在“四个革命、一个合作”能源安全新战略指引下，我国能源革命取得重大进展，14亿多人的能源安全得到有效保障，能源基础设施建设取得重大成就，核电技术、新能源技术取得重大成果。新时代十年能源革命的生动实践，为全面建成小康社会提供了重要支撑，为全面开启社会主义现代化国家新征程奠定了坚实基础。主要体现在以下五个方面。

　　（一）大力建设多元供应体系，能源供给保障能力明显增强

　　坚持把非化石能源放在能源发展优先位置，推动可再生能源实现跨越式发展。全国可再生能源发电装机容量突破13亿千瓦，水电、风电、太阳能发电装机规模均稳居世界第一；2022年全国可再生能源发电量达2.7万亿千瓦时，其中风电光伏发电量突破1万亿千瓦时。化石能源供给保障基础进一步夯实。深入推进供给侧结构性改革，煤炭供给质量持续提升；大力推进油气增储上产，原油产量稳定在2亿吨以上水平，天然气产量提高到2200亿立方米以上；着力抓好煤炭清洁高效利用这篇大文章，积极推进煤电机组节能降碳改造、灵活性改造、供热改造“三改联动”，已完成改造规模超5.2亿千瓦。能源输送能力显著提高，横跨东西、纵贯南北、覆盖城乡、互联互通的能源基础设施网络基本建成。目前，我国已基本形成煤、油、气、核及可再生能源多轮驱动的能源供应保障体系，能源自给率保持在80%以上，牢牢守住了能源安全底线。

　　（二）全面推进能源消费方式变革，能效提升和结构优化成效显著

　　深入践行习近平生态文明思想，牢固树立节能优先方针，推动能源利用效率持续提升。党的十八大以来，我国以年均3%的能源消费增速支撑了年均6.2%的经济增长，能耗强度累计下降26.4%，成为全球能耗强度降低最快的国家之一。重点领域和行业节能降碳改造持续推进，燃煤发电、电解铝、水泥等重点行业能效水平已进入世界先进行列。能源消费结构改善成效显著，非化石能源在能源消费结构中的比重大幅提升，由2012年的9.7%提高到2022年的17.5%，煤炭占能源消费总量的比重由2012年的68.5%快速降低到2022年的56.2%。特别是近年来我国新能源汽车快速发展，产销量已连续8年稳居世界第一，成为能源消费结构升级的突出亮点，截至2023年9月末，我国新能源汽车保有量达1821万辆。

　　（三）发挥创新引领作用，能源技术装备水平快速提升

　　坚持将创新作为第一动力，充分发挥新型举国体制优势，加快推进能源科技自立自强。我国清洁能源技术和装备水平已具备全球领先优势，风电、光伏发电等新能源技术处于国际先进水平，光伏电池转换效率多次刷新世界纪录，百万千瓦级水电机组建设能力领跑全球，核电形成了自主品牌的“华龙一号”“国和一号”等三代大型先进压水堆技术，建立起了完备的风电、太阳能发电、水电、核电等清洁能源装备制造产业链。能源新技术新模式新业态蓬勃兴起，“互联网+”智慧能源、“光伏+”产业、一体化能源系统、综合能源服务等不断涌现，储能产业链、氢能产业链形成特色优势，能源产业链加快向高端化、现代化迈进。

　　（四）深入推进能源体制机制改革，能源治理效能充分释放

　　坚持有效市场和有为政府相结合，不断深化重点领域和关键环节市场化改革。能源法治体系不断健全，能源法以及煤炭、电力、可再生能源等领域单项法律法规制修订持续推进。能源市场化水平全面提升，多层次统一电力市场体系建设稳步推进，上游油气资源多主体多渠道供应、中间统一管网高效集输、下游销售市场充分竞争的油气市场体系初步形成，电煤中长期合同制度不断完善，全国煤炭交易中心正式运营。能源价格机制不断完善，输配电价改革、煤电上网电价改革、工商业销售电价市场化改革迈出关键步伐，煤炭市场价格形成机制进一步创新完善，推动国内能源价格总体运行在合理区间，为稳物价、稳经济、稳民生奠定了坚实基础。能源市场公平开放取得显著进展，世界银行营商环境评价体系中的“获得电力”指标上升至世界第十二位，跻身于“全球最佳实践行列”。

　　（五）全方位加强能源国际合作，开放共赢的能源新格局加快形成

　　坚定不移推进高水平对外开放，促进全球能源可持续发展。全面发展同世界各国能源合作关系，广泛开展能源贸易、投资、产能、装备、技术、标准等领域交往合作，核电、特高压输电、新能源等一批重大技术装备出口成效显著，油气进口战略通道和油气合作区进一步巩固完善，能源进口多元化持续增强。高质量共建“一带一路”扎实推进，一批重大能源基础设施互联互通项目建成投运，在更大范围实现能源资源优化配置。积极参与全球能源治理，与90多个国家和地区建立了政府间能源合作机制，与30多个能源领域国际组织和多边机制建立了合作关系，为推动全球能源发展贡献了中国智慧、中国力量。

　　三、我国能源高质量发展面临的形势和挑战

　　当今世界，百年未有之大变局加速演进，新一轮科技革命和产业变革深入发展，全球能源发展呈现新趋势、新格局。绿色低碳成为发展主旋律。全球应对气候变化开启新征程，超过一百三十个国家和地区提出碳中和目标，加快能源低碳转型已成为世界各国共识，清洁低碳能源发展迎来新机遇。全球能源体系加快转型。新能源和信息技术紧密融合，生产生活方式加快向低碳化、智能化转变，能源发展模式正在进入非化石能源主导的新阶段，全球能源和工业体系加快演变重构。全球能源供需版图深度调整。能源消费重心东倾、生产重心西移，世界能源多极化供应格局进一步凸显。与此同时，我国能源革命深入推进，能源结构持续优化，清洁能源产业体系全球领先，具备加快能源转型发展的基础和优势，但仍面临外部环境更加复杂、国内能源发展不平衡不充分问题突出等困难和挑战。主要集中在以下五个方面。

　　一是全球能源市场不稳定不确定因素增多。应对气候变化推动全球能源格局调整，传统能源供给减少，新能源发展迅速但出力波动性大，导致全球能源供应体系不稳定性明显上升。能源生产国和消费国之间的冲突博弈此起彼伏，国际能源市场抗冲击韧性明显下降。地缘冲突、极端天气等不可预测因素增多，全球能源市场波动加剧，影响全球能源低碳转型和安全稳定运行。

　　二是新兴能源领域科技竞争加剧。新一轮科技革命和产业变革正在重构全球创新版图、重塑全球经济结构，绿色低碳发展成为全球战略竞争的制高点，新能源、先进核能、新型储能、氢能等新兴能源技术正在加快迭代，现代能源科技的博弈和竞争加剧，深刻影响国家发展和国际竞争。

　　三是我国能源转型仍面临较大压力。产业结构偏重、能源结构偏煤、能源效率偏低的状况依然存在。我国传统产业占比依然较高，第二产业能耗占全国能源消费总量的70%左右，持续推进工业节能降耗任务依然繁重，能效水平仍有较大提升空间。我国“富煤贫油少气”，能源结构以煤为主，转型任务较为艰巨。

　　四是国内能源安全风险挑战进一步凸显。未来一段时期我国能源需求还将保持刚性增长，保障能源安全的艰巨性和复杂性仍然突出。国内能源供给区与消费区空间错位，能源资源与负荷中心逆向分布，资源匮乏且负荷较高地区高峰时段可能出现供应紧张问题。新能源大规模发展仍面临土地等要素保障不够、消纳能力不足、储调资源短缺等诸多制约。

　　五是能源领域体制机制改革有待进一步深化。在党中央统筹谋划下，我国能源改革“四梁八柱”的主体框架已基本确立，市场决定能源价格的机制不断完善，能源治理能力有效提升，但距离完全适应我国能源清洁低碳转型还有一定差距。全国统一的能源市场体系有待加快建设，市场在能源资源配置中的作用有待进一步增强。能源领域监管仍需优化完善，治理效能尚需进一步提升。

　　针对上述困难挑战，必须全面贯彻习近平总书记关于能源工作的重要论述精神，锐意进取、攻坚克难，深入推进能源革命，变革和重塑既有能源体系，加快规划建设新型能源体系，为实现碳达峰碳中和目标提供有力保障，为推动中国式现代化提供坚强支撑。

　　四、加快规划建设新型能源体系的重点任务

　　规划建设新型能源体系是一项长期的系统工程，必须坚持以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，立足我国能源资源禀赋，统筹谋划、协同配合、先立后破、循序渐进，持续加强能源产供储销体系建设，在确保能源安全的前提下，加快推动能源绿色低碳转型。清洁低碳安全高效是新型能源体系的本质特征，也是能源发展的总体要求，立足当前、着眼长远，规划建设新型能源体系需要抓好以下七个方面重点任务。

　　（一）大力发展清洁能源

　　一是加快发展风电和太阳能发电。综合考虑资源禀赋、消纳能力、建设条件等因素，优化新能源发展区域布局，坚持集中式与分布式开发并举，大力发展风电和太阳能发电。加快推进以沙漠、戈壁、荒漠地区为重点的大型风电光伏基地建设，有序推进海上风电基地建设，循序渐进发展海上光伏。在工业园区、经济开发区、油气矿区及周边地区，推动风电分布式就近开发；积极推进“光伏+”综合利用行动，大力推动分布式光伏发电多场景融合开发。

　　二是统筹水电开发和生态保护。坚持生态优先、统筹考虑、适度开发、确保底线，科学有序推进大型水电基地建设，积极推进大型水电站优化升级，稳妥推进已建、在建水电机组增容改造。依托西南水电基地统筹推进水风光综合基地开发建设，推进水风光发电协同互补和联合运行。

　　三是积极安全有序发展核电。在确保安全的前提下，积极有序推动沿海核电项目建设，保持平稳建设节奏，合理布局新增沿海核电项目。积极推动先进核电技术示范，因地制宜开展核能在清洁供暖、工业供热、海水淡化等领域的综合利用示范。切实做好核电厂址资源保护。

　　四是科学有序发展氢能等新能源。因地制宜选择制氢技术路线，重点发展可再生能源制氢，严格控制化石能源制氢，就近高效利用工业副产氢，逐步推动构建清洁化、低碳化、低成本的多元制氢体系，持续拓展工业、建筑、交通以及储能、发电领域氢能多元化应用场景。因地制宜推动生物质能、地热能、海洋能等新能源发展。

　　（二）全力保障能源安全

　　一是加强煤炭安全兜底保障。发挥好煤炭“压舱石”作用，高标准建设山西、蒙西、蒙东、陕北、新疆五大煤炭供应保障基地，完善煤炭跨区域运输通道和集疏运体系，增强煤炭跨区域供应保障能力。在保障安全供应基础上，持续优化煤炭产能结构，布局一批资源条件好、竞争能力强、安全保障程度高的大型现代化煤矿，强化智能化和安全高效矿井建设，大力推进煤炭安全绿色开采。推动煤炭与煤电、新能源协同融合发展。

　　二是加大油气资源勘探开发和增储上产力度。坚持常规和非常规资源并举、海上和陆地资源并重，加强国内油气勘探开发，强化重点盆地和海域油气基础地质调查和勘探，夯实资源接续基础，推动石油产量稳中有升，天然气产量较快增长。推动老油气田稳产，加大新区产能建设力度，保持持续稳产增产。积极扩大非常规资源勘探开发，加大页岩油、页岩气、煤层气开发力度。

　　三是发挥煤电支撑性调节性作用。统筹电力保供和减污降碳，根据发展需要合理建设清洁高效先进节能煤电，保持电力系统安全稳定运行必需的合理裕度。持续推动存量煤电机组灵活性改造。加快推进煤电由主体性电源向提供可靠容量、调峰调频等辅助服务的基础保障性和系统调节性电源转型。

　　四是加强能源储备能力建设。统筹推进地下储气库、液化天然气（LNG）接收站等储气设施建设，建立健全地方政府、供气企业、管输企业、城镇燃气企业各负其责的多层次天然气储气调峰和应急体系。完善产品储备与产能储备有机结合的煤炭储备体系。健全收储轮换和动用机制并实现规范运行。

　　五是提升能源安全运行水平。建立健全能源安全监测预警体系，做好能源供需综合平衡和统筹协调保障，增强跨区域能源互调互济水平。完善电煤、电力、天然气中长期合同等制度，推动市场化签约，加强履约监管。完善能源应急保障机制，制定分级分类应急保供预案。加强能源安全生产监督管理，做好重要能源设施安全防护和保护，维护能源基础设施安全。

　　（三）加快构建新型电力系统

　　一是构建适合国情的新能源供给消纳体系。结合实际分类施策，处理好光伏、风电等新能源高比例供给与电力系统稳定运行、新业态新技术发展的关系。加快构建以大型风电光伏基地为基础、以清洁高效先进节能的煤电为支撑、以稳定安全可靠的特高压输变电线路为载体的新能源供给消纳体系。建立清洁能源为主、多能互补、产销协同的分布式能源体系，引导全社会共同承担新能源供给和消纳责任。

　　二是优化电网结构和运行模式。充分发挥电网企业的平台作用，深入研究创新电网结构形态和运行模式，加快建设坚强可靠的智能电网。完善微电网、配电网等建设运营机制，加大配电网建设改造力度，研究智能配电网技术，提升配电网接入高比例分布式电源的能力。推动各层级电网协同发展。

　　三是完善电力需求侧管理。建立健全以市场化方式为主的需求响应常态化运行机制，推动电力需求侧资源参与电力市场交易。推动用户侧调节由政府指导向市场驱动转变，逐步推动新型储能、电动汽车、虚拟电厂、可中断负荷等需求侧资源纳入电力平衡，鼓励售电公司围绕用户需求构建综合能源服务体系。

　　四是推动储能等新业态加快发展。发挥储能的系统调节作用，科学规划、有序推动抽水蓄能电站建设和投运，加强新型储能项目与电源、电网及负荷的统筹协调。建立健全促进储能发展的市场机制，推动新型储能等新技术发展，推进大容量、长时间储能技术规模化应用。明确储能作为电力系统调节资源的功能定位，有序推动新型储能逐步参与各类电力市场交易。

　　（四）加快形成绿色低碳消费模式

　　一是严格控制化石能源消费。推动能耗“双控”逐步转向碳排放总量和强度“双控”。大力推进煤炭清洁高效利用，在保障能源安全的前提下，稳妥有序推进煤炭消费替代工作。推动绿色清洁替代燃料发展。有序引导天然气消费，优先保障民生用气。因地制宜稳妥有序推动北方地区清洁取暖。

　　二是大力促进绿色能源消费。完善可再生能源电力消纳制度，实现绿证对可再生能源电力的全覆盖，建立健全绿证、绿电、碳市场协同机制。扩大可再生能源非电直接利用规模。倡导绿色低碳生产生活方式，提高终端用能中的绿色能源比重。

　　三是推进重点领域节能降碳。完善工业节能与绿色标准体系，深入实施绿色制造工程，在重点工业行业开展节能技术改造。持续提高新建建筑节能标准，积极推广使用绿色建材，推动超低能耗、近零能耗、低碳建筑规模化发展。推进交通运输绿色低碳转型，加快推广新能源汽车，建设形成充换电基础设施网络。

　　（五）大力推进能源科技创新

　　一是完善能源科技创新体系。健全能源领域关键核心技术攻关新型举国体制，建好用好能源领域国家实验室，加快突破一批能源关键技术。支持行业龙头企业联合高等院校、科研院所和行业上下游企业共建国家能源领域研发创新平台，围绕关键技术开展联合攻关，实施能源重大科技协同创新研究。

　　二是推动能源先进技术应用与产业升级。依托重大能源工程推进上下游企业协同开展先进技术装备研发、制造和应用，通过工程化集成应用形成先进技术及产业化能力。完善首台（套）、容错机制等促进能源重大科技创新成果转移转化的支持政策体系，推动能源领域重大技术装备推广应用。推动能源技术与现代信息技术、新材料、先进制造技术深度融合，促进能源产业数字化智能化升级，培育高端能源装备制造产业集群。

　　（六）持续深化能源体制机制改革

　　一是依法推进能源治理。健全能源法律法规体系，加快推进能源法、可再生能源法、电力法、煤炭法等制定修订工作，加强能源标准体系建设，完善引领能源清洁低碳发展的相关标准和技术规范。进一步优化能源领域营商环境，增强市场主体创新活力。完善能源价格形成机制。稳步推进能源领域相关行业自然垄断环节独立和竞争性环节市场化改革。

　　二是健全完善能源市场体系。建立全国统一电力市场体系，完善电力中长期、现货、辅助服务交易有机衔接机制，探索容量市场交易机制，深化输配电等重点领域改革，进一步完善更好体现新能源环境价值的电力市场交易机制。积极稳妥推进油气行业上、中、下游体制机制改革，鼓励各类社会资本参与储气调峰设施投资和建设运营。更好发挥煤炭市场作用，有效引导市场供需平衡。

　　（七）全方位加强能源国际合作

　　一是拓展能源多元合作新局面。加强全球能源和气候变化治理合作，推动可持续发展。加强绿色低碳能源技术、标准制定等国际合作，推动可再生能源绿色电力证书国际互认。深入推进与重点能源资源国的互利合作，加强战略、政策、标准等对接。

　　二是深度参与全球能源转型变革。积极参与全球能源治理。深化与发展中国家绿色产能合作，积极推动风电、太阳能发电、储能、智慧电网等领域合作。加快推进“一带一路”绿色能源合作，推动更多绿色能源合作项目落地。积极探索与发达国家、东道国和跨国公司开展三方、多方合作的有效途径。

　　委员长，各位副委员长，秘书长，各位委员，长期以来，全国人大对发展改革工作包括能源工作高度重视、大力支持。目前，十四届全国人大常委会已将能源法、修改可再生能源法纳入立法计划第一类项目，为推进能源高质量发展提供了有力的法治保障。下一步，我们将坚持以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，深入贯彻落实党的二十大精神，坚定不移把能源革命引向深入，加快规划建设新型能源体系，为全面建设社会主义现代化国家、全面推进中华民族伟大复兴作出新的贡献。

　　（主讲人系国家发展和改革委员会党组成员、副主任）