Intermediate and advanced professional learners of Chinese at some point may want to look for Chinese-language materials in their areas of interest. I copied below, as an example of a DeepL machine translation, a translation of an article on the PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs website on US-China relations.
Contents
- Machine Translation Strengths and Weaknesses: Google Translate, DeepL and ChatGPT
- Using ChatGPT as a Language Teacher/Drill Instructor — for Beginners Too!
- Use ChatGPT language Drill Instructor together with Google Translate Voice Generation for Practice
- Chinese Language Learning and Vocabulary Building Tools
- Advanced Learners: Let the CCTV News Broadcast Improve Both Your Chinese and Your Political Stance!
- The Chinese Library Subject Classification System
- Get Chinese Books on How to Use Online Databases to Learn PRC Databases
- Using the Linguee Online Dictionary, Pleco and DeepL as Study Tools
- Google Lens: Excellent Chinese Text Scanning plus Machine Translation
- Use Google Docs to Scan Image PDFs and JPEG Image Files
- Learn Chinese Songs with Lyrics on Spotify
- ROC/Taiwan’s Bopomofu: Pronunciation Integrated into the Character Font! A Fine Tool for Learning Character Pronunciation from Context!
- Irrelevant Linguistic Adventures
- Online Resources — Youtube, Videos, VPN into China, Podcasts, Chinese Classical Texts Explained
- Appendix One: A Chatbot Clone Explains a Chinese Proverb and the Stories Behind It in Both Chinese and English
- Appendix Two: Example of a DeepL Machine Translation — Chronology of US – China bilateral relations from the website of the PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Related posts on this translation blog:
- 2023: ChatGPT3.5 Does the Diamond Sutra
- 2023: ChatGPT, DeepL Machine Translation Adventures
- Tools: Use GTransl Click Through on Chinese Wikipedia Articles
- 2021: Teaching the Leadership of the Communist Party III
Machine Translation Strengths and Weaknesses: Google Translate, DeepL and ChatGPT
The English syntax DeepL machine translation from the Chinese comes out better than in Google Translate so that makes translation considerably less tiring perhaps because I am not constantly rejiggering sentences. Even though the machine translation does have a machine accent and errors to be dealt with: word choice and order, scrambling complicated syntax, even sometimes leaving out whole sentences and phrases or ‘duplicating’ in an alternative version. Thus DeepL still does require much revision time. Making a good translation out of a long, complex text still takes hours but is less tiring than starting out from zero myself or revising a Google Translate Chinese-English translation. Also from DeepL, the Linguee dictionary website and apps that brings up not only a translation of a word but also its useage in context.
When I work on a more difficult translation, I have Pleco up on my Ipad as I work on the PC. Pleco can bring up Chinese language websites within the dictionary. That often comes in handy. Pleco has some excellent dictionaries — my two favorites are the enormous, wonderful Hanyu Da Zidian Chinese-Chinese dictionary and the Grand Ricci Chinese-French dictionary. [The Hanyu Da Zidian is also available online. ] When I was a student in Taiwan in the early 80s, I bought my first Ricci dictionary Dictionnaire Ricci Chinois–Francais — from the Jesuit fathers at the Institut Ricci in Taipei. It was my favorite Chinese dictionary and I wore it out! The better dictionaries in Pleco are add-ons for $10 – $60 USD.
The Chinese language Internet is a wonderful concordance to the Chinese language. In more difficult translations, I often run into issues –especially relating ancient texts or to difficult literary or historical references that pop-up in the prose of some erudite scholars — that can perplex native speakers as well. When I run into that, there is almost always questions and several explanation about it on a website on the China Mainland or in Taiwan. The Chinese language version of Wikipedia often has greater detail on a Chinese topic than does the English language version. The Baidu search engine’s answer to the Wikipedia, the Baidu Encyclopedia, the Baidu Baike — is often useful too.
The Reverso online multilingual dictionary and “context finder” is also a great tool. Available online and as application software, the Chinese-English, English-Chinese setting brings up not only a short definition but much more important a list of several sentences in the source language paired with translations not always of good quality (perhaps machine translations in the mix?) I pay much more attention to the sentences in Chinese it brings up rather than to the translations. A Google search can also give you many useage examples harvested from the vast number of Chinese language websites around the world.
Translation Comparison: ChatGPT, DeepL and Google Translate
I did a short translation comparison among ChatGPT, DeepL and Google Translate and found that ChatGPT did well. Not enough to draw conclusions but good enough to astonish me. The result is especially impressive result for ChatGPT considering that it is designed to be strongest as a conversational system and not as a translation system. I find that Chatbot produces good, fluent text in both English and Chinese. I have been asking it questions in Chinese too — asking it to tell me jokes in Chinese — the text output in Chinese looks good even though the jokes are mediocre. Perhaps a Joke AI is needed. While I would evaluate it, in this short, random (too short to be not a fair test) sample as tied with DeepL for best translation, the fluency of the text could be a tie breaker. I have used both DeepL and Google Translate for years and are well aware of their strengths and weaknesses. I have only been playing with ChatGPT for a few days.
These are just preliminary observations keeping in mind too that ChatGPT is not explicitly designed a machine translation engine. This makes it even more remarkable — really putting the general into general purpose perhaps. The website mentions that other versions of Chatbot are better for other applications and the strength of ChatGPT lies on conversation. Considering that ChatGPT is not optimized for translation, I wonder how well a system that was optimized for language translation would perform. Or could it be that training up an AI (I prefer that to me assisted intelligence to artificial intelligence but I don’t get to write the dictionary) takes such a vast effort that once a good general purpose system is created (and if easily and economically replicable), making specialized systems might be less commercially practical. Or since this is a machine learning system, would a general purpose system be easily training to take on a specialized functionality without losing its general functionality? Interesting questions but I have no idea about the answer.
While not seen here, sometimes DeepL omits phrases or repeats phrases (the second version is usually better) and sometimes inserts long blank spaces as we can see in the example below. I’d rate the Google Translate text as slightly inferior; in practice I find that DeepL consistently outperforms Google Translate. ChatGPT has some peculiarities of its own to watch out for.
Even cyber comrades need to be watched these days so I did find some translation problems. Occasionally a word might not be translated as well by ChatGPT as by DeepL would have handled it although I found it generally comparable to DeepL on translation quality. Where it shined was the syntax of the output. DeepL with such a text often takes a stab at a sentence, stops and starts again, leaving in the ‘fossil’ of the first attempt. Sometimes it omits short passages. Sometimes just some random blank spaces. ChatGPT produces reasonable text output without ‘first attempt fossils’ and blank spaces. What it does do sometimes is go off on a related course producing additional related detail not in the text and omitting some of the source language text. While I did find ChatGPT much less tiring to use for ‘communist chinese’ didactic sort of texts, where it goes wrong is not as obvious as it is for DeepL. So ChatGPT has a greater overconfidence trap. Even so, it promises, like many other tools (especially when used off-label!) to reward the judicious user and to trap the unwary.
I suspect the fluency of its target language output could even be a problem — it makes people too readily to believe it. Watch out, soon ChatGPT might be offering advice on stocks or maybe even offering sage philosophical and religious advice to the lonely.
ChatGPT told me which song a ‘wolf warrior’ trope(one used to explain their pugnacious stance) came from “when friends come we give them wine, when the wolves come we get the rifle out”.
ChatGPT also gave me a Chinese positive perspective and a foreigner negative perspective on wolf warrior diplomacy. ChatGPT also told me jokes in Chinese and offered its views on the differences between the philosophies of Confucius and Mencius.
孔子和孟子的思想都屬於中國古代哲學流派中的儒家思想。孔子主張道德至上，重視德行和禮儀，講求仁義和禮義，強調道德教育和治國理政。孟子則主張以仁為本，重視道德教育和政治管理，著重於提高人民的道德修養和增強國家的強大。雖然孔子和孟子的思想有些相似，但他們在一些重要的哲學觀點上存在一些差異。例如，孔子重視君父臣子之間的本分，並且強調君王應該按照道德原則來治理國家，而孟子則強調人民應該為維持社會正義而反抗道德腐敗的君王。另外，孔子認為人都有一定的天性，而孟子則主張人都是平等的，不受天性的影響。
What I found most useful was that it produces much smoother English language output text from the long, complicated near paragraph-long sentences in ‘communist Chinese’ syntax. That material I find the most tedious and tiring to translate. With ChatGPT I found it much easier, although I did have to watch out for ChatGPT’s shortcomings. I can only put in a paragraph or two of Chinese text at the time telling it “Translate from Chinese to English” since it is very popular these days.
- The ChatGPT Chatbot is an AI trained machine learning system.
- DeepL according to its Wikipedia page uses a proprietary algorithm with convolutional neural networks (CNNs)that have been trained with the Linguee database.”
- Google Translate technology switched from (or supplemented?) its previous statistical translation system developed at the UN with another technology “Google Neural Machine Translation (GNMT) is a neural machine translation (NMT) system developed by Google that uses an artificial neural network to increase fluency and accuracy in Google Translate. GNMT improves on the quality of translation by applying an example-based (EBMT) machine translation method in which the system “learns from millions of examples”.
So all three uses machine learning and neural networks of one type or another weighted to produce associations with a vast pool of data. I don’t know enough about that stuff to say more. The quality of the text Chatbot produces is remarkable and has some hazards. Well-written translations in the target language can appear better than poorly-written accurate ones. Then there is the poison cookies problem with machine translation – mostly good but hidden within may well be fatal flaws. Good target language text might lull readers into assuming that the translation before them is a good one…
Q: Translate from Chinese into English 《中国共产党是中国特色社会主义事业的领导核心，是最高的政治领导力量。中国共产党的领导地位是在领导中国人民进行革命、建设、改革的长期实践中形成的，是历史的选择、人民的选择，也是明确载入中国宪法的。》
Chatbot: “The Communist Party of China is the core of the leadership of the socialist cause with Chinese characteristics and the highest political leadership force. The leadership of the Communist Party of China is formed in the long-term practice of leading the Chinese people in revolution, construction, and reform. It is the choice of history, the choice of the people, and is also explicitly incorporated into the Chinese Constitution.”
DeepL:
The Communist Party of China is the leading core of the socialist cause with Chinese characteristics and the supreme
political leading force. The leading position of the CPC was formed in the long-term practice of leading the Chinese people in revolution, construction and reform.
It is the choice of history and the choice of the people.
It is also clearly enshrined in the Chinese Constitution.
Google Translate:
“The Communist Party of China is the core of leadership for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the highest political leadership. The leadership of the Communist Party of China is to lead the Chinese people to carry out the revolution Formed in the long-term practice of life, construction and reform, it is the choice of history, the choice of the people This choice is also clearly enshrined in the Chinese Constitution. “
You can click through a reference URL in a Google Translation to yet another translation. See Tools: Use GTransl Click Through on Chinese Wikipedia Articles.
Chatbot can serve as language learning tool even though that is not its purpose. ChatbotGPT is an experimental engine available online apparently both for improving its functionality through millions of online interactions with homo sapiens as well as to generate publicity. Not only can it do translations but it can also answer dictionary look-up questions and generate texts for comparison and study and answer questions about difficult points of Chinese language study. It could also do your homework, a boon for lazy (too busy) students who might face problems at examination time and another problem for instructors.
You can find some discussions online about the reliability of ChatGPT as a translation engine. Here is one I found on Reddit: ChatGPT as a translation assistant.
Finally, a closing word from ChatbotGPT. I asked it a question about the Chinese language.
Using ChatGPT as a Language Teacher/Drill Instructor
Prefacing your ChatGPT query at https://chat.openai.com/ can focus and guide the response that it provides. ChatGPT can serve as a language drill instructor and corrector. This plays to its strength as a language text statistical prediction engine. That it makes things up now and then doesn’t matter in this application. Writing and using prompts can help you in your language learning. For convenience and to get better organized, you may want to use a prompt plug in like ChatGPT Prompt Genius available for many browsers.
You can write a generalizable prompt using double brackets for the key topic word. Thus you can make a language prompt for any language. ChatGPT might ask you which language or if it doesn’t, figure out which language you are using from your input.
I wrote a generalizable language teacher/drill instructor prompt revised from the English teaching prompt written by Peter Chang.
Act as a spoken {{language}} teacher and improver. I will speak to you in {{language}} and you will reply in {{language}} . Limit your reply to 100 words. Strictly correct my grammar mistakes, typos, and factual errors. Ask a question in your reply.
You can copy and insert into ChatGPT3 at https://chat.openai.com/ and give it a try!
Here is a short demo in Chinese. In this case I selected the prompt I had entered earlier into the Chrome browser extension. You could simply copy the prompt above and enter it.
For Chinese Language Beginners Too: The Longest Journey Begins with a Single Step 千里之行，始于足下
ChatGPT responds not only to the initial prompt but to follow-ups as well. If you are a beginner, tell it so and ask for it to give you the English language translation, pinyin pronunciation and Chinese characters in its response. You’ll probably want to focus on the pinyin and the pronunciation to start to get an idea of the structure of the language and how to speak it.
Example of one of my conversations that began by entering the generalized language teacher prompt above. As you can see it didn’t pick up on my request for an English translation at first, so I rephrased in a subsequent prompt.
Use ChatGPT language Drill Instructor together with Google Translate Voice Generation for Practice
The missing piece here is pronunciation. You will find some discussions of Chinese pronunciation online. Google Translate is a great tool for adding pronunciation, the missing dimension in your conversations with your ChatGPT language teacher. Copy the text into Google Translate on the left-hand side and then press the loudspeaker button below the Chinese text or pinyin.
When I clicked on the loudspeaker button, I heard the voice of an engaging Chinese woman — a GT plot to get more young men to study Chinese?? You can try for yourself — here is the Chinese phrase translated with URL — you can click on the characters and then on the loudspeaker icon below them on GT to try for yourself: 当然，我可以做你的中文老师！请随时提问，我会纠正你的语法错误、错别字和事实错误。有什么我能帮助你的吗？请告诉我你想学习的内容或者有什么问题。
The Google Translate text reader may be a bit too fast. Sometimes you can slow it down by pressing the button longer; an alternative reader that slows down quite a lot is ImTranslator.
You could use the tools above to translate and memorize in Chinese a romantic song like “I Love You Like a Mouse Loves Rice“ working first on pronunciation and then using YouTube to get the melody right! With Google Translate! With ChatGPT
Then try it out on your Chinese boyfriend or girlfriend. Make your contribution to improving Chinese – American relations! Things have to turn around. 物極必反
On YouTube:
I asked ChatGPT to tell me something about the song:
About the song: “Lǎo Shǔ Ài Dà Mǐ” is a popular Mandarin Chinese song that gained significant popularity in the early 2000s. It was sung by a Taiwanese singer named 林志炫 (Lín Zhì Xuàn), also known as Alex To. The song tells a story of longing and missing someone. It became widely known across China, and its catchy melody and heartfelt lyrics resonated with many people. It has been regarded as a classic love song and remains well-loved by many in China.
I found that if I gave it only the title, ChatGPT gave me just a few snatches of the song. When I entered the Chinese lyrics it gave me a full pinyin and English translation — subject to time out that might occur if the response is long and ChatGPT is busy. You may need to rephrase your queries to get the response you want.
Ask ChatGPT or the Open Source Chatbot Clone Chatbotui About Chinese Proverbs and the Stories Behind Them
You can also ask ChatGPT or the clone Chatbot UI at https://www.chatbotui.com/ [see Chatbot UI’s Github pages for more details] questions about Chinese history and culture in both English and Chinese. Recall that it is a large language model and sometimes picks up on unreliable sources in mysterious ways or goes off on a tangent and starts writing fiction. Bilingual fiction writing can help language learning too. Used with due skepticism and verification (President Reagan used to say “Trust but verify” about nuclear arms control negotiations with the Soviet Union) however, ChatGPT and open source alternatives can be useful tools for learning about the Chinese language and China particularly about some topics that may not be addressed in great detail on the websites you find. This article is already getting longgggg so I will put examples in Appendix One.
Notes on Chinese Language Learning and Vocabulary Building Tools
- Chinese government reports and Chinese online media can be a good source of material for Chinese language learners looking for specialized material. Students of China’s foreign relations, for example, might want to read chronologies of China’s bilateral relations with with the USA 中国同美国的关系 [China’s bilateral relations with the United States] and other countries on the website of the 中国外交部 PRC Foreign Ministry. Down below I’ll copy a DeepL machine translation of PRC MOFA’s perspective on US – China bilateral relations. [This is the September 2020 update — no doubt Chinese diplomats find the Biden Administration inscrutable thus far, a problem often encountered when dealing with Occidentals! Or more likely little contact due to the US presidential election campaign and aftermath. ]
- Watch Chinese Central TV live. You can get all the CCTV channels and popular Chinese video websites using a Chinese non-anonymizing “VPN” from transocks.com Some CCTV programs including the evening all-TV-channels “joint news broadcast” 新闻联播 program are available on YouTube.
- Do you miss the joint news broadcast from Chinese Central Television? Don’t worry, you can catch up on https://cn.govopendata.com/xinwenlianbo/ You can Google Translate if you are still somewhat sino-illiterate at https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=zh-CN&tl=en&u=https://cn.govopendata.com/xinwenlianbo/
- Use the Google Translate ‘websites’ setting: for example — Singapore Zaobao China news. Click through to machine translated stories. https://www-zaobao-com-sg.translate.goog/realtime/china?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp
- People’s Daily archive 1946 – 2003 -> https://cn.govopendata.com/renminribao/ Google Translate it with https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=zh-CN&tl=en&u=https://cn.govopendata.com/renminribao/ A good way to catch up on pre-Liberation western deviltry in China!
- The vast CNKI database of scholarly articles including PhD theses is another good source of highly specialized Chinese language materials. Research universities often subscribe to a service that includes CNKI. See the National University of Singapore Libraries article “Q. How do I find journal articles from the CNKI database (中国知网)?“
- The Wiki online encyclopedia lists on each entry lists on the left-hand margin several other languages in which the article appears. For articles relating to the history and culture of a particular country, oftentimes articles in the language of that country are best. Very often the Chinese language Wiki article about a Chinese topic is better and more thorough than its English language counterpart. This can give a boost to language learners who might read the first article in their own language and then go on to read the Chinese language article which is nearly always a different article on the same topic. The Baidu Chinese language online encyclopedia 百度百科 [Baidu Baike] is a great help too both for content and for getting a quick impression of how a topic is presented to Chinese people by their Party and government since Baidu is generally not only well-edited but well-censored as well.
- The China Encyclopedia Database online 中国大百科全书 Registration required.
- Reading deep into long books and articles by smart academics even in less well-known academic institutions taught me a lot. Censorship seems least in long book although the first few dozen pages can be quite bland (putting the censor to sleep?) I remember reading a book about Chinese environmental problems published in the mid 1990s by the Hubei Scientific Publishing House. In the middle of the books, the author of one of the articles, the then-president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences wrote “If we build the Three Gorges Dam, future generations of Chinese will never forgive us.” That was about page 526 in a 700-page book. If you will forgive me a funny story, as a US Embassy science officer (actually Environment, Science and Technology section) I had the rare privilege of taking then National Science Foundation Director Rita Colwell and her Chinese counterpart, the President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, to dinner. Sitting next to him, I said in Chinese that I had read his article about the Three Gorges Dam and his statement that future generations of Chinese may not forgive those who constructed it. He nodded. An example of what can be hidden deep in a thick academic book.
- Another time when I worked in the State Department’s Bureau of Intelligence and Research (2004 – 2007) writing a report about threat of the bird flu virus then apparently circulating in China despite PRC denials, I found mentioned several years before in an article on veterinary science that in field checks for the presence of the virus, antibodies to the virus were found in the blood of several Chinese peasants. For several years there were dire warnings of the danger of a bird flu virus breaking out in some PRC veterinary publications.. then the warning stopped. Apparently things are better now — declaring the presence of an animal virus used to depend on the permission of an institute in NE China since the PRC National People’s Congress passed legislation on communications about emergencies. Still some bureaucratic barriers as I gathered from Wuhan’s Zhou Xianwang’s dramatic defense he presented early last year on Chinese television. See The Law and Wuhan Mayor Zhou’s Excuse: I Followed the Rules, Blame Higher-Ups, Not me — the Law the PRC on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases
- You can have some fun exploring PRC MOFA http://fmprc.gov.cn pages to explore official summaries of China’s bilateral relations using Google Translate set on webpage translate. Go to bilateral relations 雙邊關係 ex Canada 首页>国家和组织>国家（地区）>北美洲>加拿大>双边关系 very general but can be good background https://www-mfa-gov-cn.translate.goog/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/bmz_679954/1206_680426/sbgx_680430/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp
Advanced Learners: Let the CCTV News Broadcast Improve Both Your Chinese and Your Political Stance!
The CCTV evening joint news broadcast 联播节目 goes out on most TV channels in China so that you won’t miss your evening dose of political correctness. You can even find it on YouTube. For example the March 9, 2022 CCTV news broadcast is shown below on YouTube. Select watching on YouTube offers some advantages compared with watching it on the CCTV website.
On YouTube, you can easily slow down the playback. Or even speed it up if you want to impress your friends with your listening comprehension! Just click on the gear icon at the bottom right of the YouTube screen and set your preferred playback speed.
Select a slower speed. You can also follow along with a Chinese language transcript from CCTV. That way, you can easily look up in the dictionary, on an online dictionary like DeepL’s Linguee that you miss. Just select the transcript for the day of the video you are watching, in this case CCTV’s lianbo jiemu of March 9, 2022, and you are in business.
Even sino-illiterates can make use of this — run the CCTV broadcast transcript though Google Translate to get a rough albeit not always completely reliable translation. Block copy into DeepL works a bit bitter as discussed below. The URL for running the CCTV evening joint news broadcast through Google Translate — which Google Translate dubs “Daily News Hookup Text Edition” is https://mrxwlb-com.translate.goog/category/mrxwlb-text/?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=zh-CN&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp This should open up the transcript in a different tab. You may want to copy it into another instance of your browser to follow along more easily. Here is an example of what a GT machine translation can give you. Just as exciting as it is in Chinese actually.
[Forge ahead in a new journey and make contributions to a new era] Concentrate on the great cause, set sail and start a new journey
The National People’s Congress is a major event in China’s political life. At this year’s National Two Sessions, General Secretary Xi Jinping and the deputies discussed the country’s issues and gathered strength to advance. The deputies expressed that they should unite more closely around the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at the core, transform the political consensus of “two establishments” into practical actions of “two maintenances”, and forge ahead with a new journey with a more high-spirited attitude. Build dreams together and share the great cause of revival.
In the early spring of March, the annual National Two Sessions came as promised. For three consecutive days, General Secretary Xi Jinping came to the deputies to have in-depth and full exchanges with everyone on major issues related to the overall work of the party and the country.
From Google Translate machine translation of the transcript from the Chinese Central Television Joint News Broadcast of March 9, 2022.
The CCTV 13 News Channel seen throughout China is on the CCTV website if you want to go all-news all the time. Some of the other CCTV channels on the CCTV website are also available outside of China. If you have a Chinese VPN (not an anonymizer but can get you in to see all CCTV channels and some video sites otherwise blocked outside of China) you can see more. 一键回国VPN，海外音乐视频加速器 I use the Transocks VPN.
Some people worry about PRC software on their computer. Since I am retired and maybe a cyber daredevil, I think it is fun to put it their can get to some extent an inside view on how news is reported and what people in China are seeing, admittedly through the distorting lens of television. There are many programs about Chinese culture and history. You can look back at previous hours of programming and to previous days.
The Chinese Library Subject Classification System
The Chinese Library Subject Classification System 中国图书馆分类法 , analogous to the US Library of Congress classification and the older Dewey Decimal System can be useful when doing database searches in Chinese on a particular subject. After clicking on the URL above you can find subcategories and often even deeper subcategories in the subject classification hierarchy with their associated subject codes. Not quite a Rosetta Stone but it can come in handy.
Get Chinese Books on How to Use Online Databases to Learn PRC Databases
When I worked in China, I got several books on using the Internet and Chinese databases to pull up some useful collateral information. I bought some of them from online Chinese bookstores. A search on “information search” 信息搜索 will bring up some books that Chinese students use to bone up on their internet and database searching skills. You could order similar books from the flagship Xinhua Bookstore — the Beijing Bookbuilding 北京图书大厦 website at https://bjtsds.jd.com/
I have found the Baidu Baike entries on literature such as on Du Fu’s poetry useful. The entries typically have the poem text, notes on the text, translation into modern Chinese and a commentary on the poem.
Using the Linguee Online Dictionary, Pleco and DeepL as Study Tools
The DeepL affiliated website https://www.linguee.com/ would be an excellent place to find some vocabulary items you must have. Linguee is a great resource for finding words used in context. It is a good tool to recommend to students as well. Many of the hits are UN documents.
You could use Linguee to find usage examples. Here is the result of a search on Chinese equivalents in context for the word “inflation”:
Some candidate texts for econ can be found on serious econ publications that offer bilingual service such as FT Chinese and Wall Street Journal and the New York Times in Chinese.
Over the years I have seen some sharp econ and political commentary on ftchinese including some original articles by Chinese commentators. The comments/discussion section of ftchinese can be good reading too.
- Financial Times Chinese language edition
- Wall Street Journal Chinese language edition
- New York Times Chinese language edition
- 爱思想 Website in PRC which often has good, provocative articles.
- 中國選舉與治理 [Chinese Elections and Governance] from the Carter Center has an excellent selection of recent articles by Chinese journalists and scholars about China.
Students should be introduced to the best machine translation tools available. Some are free such as DeepL (better than Google Translate for the Chinese – English language pair) and Google Translate. Both GT and Pleco offer machine-reading-aloud of a text. That’s a good way to get ears as well as eyes involved. I used to get my fingers involved by copying fresh characters — in the correct stroke order of course — the Pleco digital dictionary will give you that too.
- DeepL https://www.deepl.com/Translator
- Pleco https://www.pleco.com/ I used the Pleco dictionary which works on IPhone, Ipad and Android systems. You can buy some wonderful dictionaries and thanks to digital technology use enormous multivolume dictionaries that can be unwieldy in book form. My favorites are the big 汉语大词典Chinese -Chinese dictionary and the Grand Ricci Chinese-French dictionary. Pleco allows you to input webpages so you can quickly look up words in article — or book if you have it in digital form — that you are reading. Pleco can also read a text aloud for you. Pleco also can scan Chinese text and recognize the characters although its Chinese text scanning is inferior to Google Lens discussed below so I generally use Google Lens to scan a text (or characters on a computer screen) and then import from them Google Lens to DeepL or Pleco.
Lately I have used DeepL as a translation tool on my translation blog. The DeepL machine translation came out as more accurate and in more natural English than I could have gotten from Google Translate (although Google Translate has improved considerably over the past decade) and so post-editing to turn the text into more accurate and more readable English. This made post-editing and checking of the machine translation faster than what I was used to with Google Translate. A comparison with from the online article 净土法门法师：《古今文选》这套书，是学文言文最好的教科书 from a website for people interested in Buddhism.
Google Translate:
| Master of Pure Land Famen: “Anthology of Ancient and Modern Literature” is the best textbook for learning classical Chinese | ||
| But if you want to learn this kind of thing, there is a key, classical Chinese. If you don’t have the foundation of classical Chinese, you won’t be able to read this thing before you. How to train classical Chinese? In the past, Teacher Li taught us to memorize “Gu Wen Guan Zhi” and choose one hundred articles from “Gu Wen Guan Zhi”. There are more than 300 articles in “Gu Wen Guan Zhi” in total, which is very rare for Teacher Li. At that time in Taiwan, he gave us a class every week, “Gu Wen Guan Zhi”. For ten years, this “Gu Wen Guan Zhi” was finished. Completed. But it was a pity that there was no recording equipment at that time, and it was not recorded. It is possible that we have an old classmate in Taichung, Zhou Jialin, who likes to take notes and writes them very thoroughly. Let’s ask if he has this note left, and it should be printed out for circulation. |
DeepL
Venerable Jing Tu Fa Men: The set of “Ancient and Modern Literature” is the best textbook to learn the literary language
But there is another key to learn such things, the literary language. Without the foundation of the literary language, this thing is put in front of you without the ability to read it. How to train in the literary language? In the past, Mr. Li taught us to memorize the “Guwen Guanzhi” and choose one hundred pieces in the “Guwen Guanzhi”. In Taiwan, Mr. Li gave us one class a week on the “Guwen Guanzhi” for ten years. But it was a great pity that there was no recording equipment at that time, so it was not recorded. It is very likely that we have an old classmate in Taichung, Mr. Chou Chia-Lin, who likes to take notes and write very complete notes, so we will inquire to see if he has these notes left and should print them out for circulation.
Translated with http://www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)
Google Lens: Excellent Chinese Text Scanning plus Machine Translation
Google Lens (available for Android phones and computers) does a better job capturing Chinese text so capturing text in a book and on screen, saving it to a clipboard and then bringing the text up within the Pleco dictionary program, Google Translate or even better DeepL for a machine translation. Google Lens also offers translations, apparently Google Translate. JR Raphael wrote an excellent June 2022 article in Computerworld introducing the superpowers of Google Lens/Android OS (versions on other OS are not as powerful it seems) see 14 ways Google Lens can save you time on Android.
Here is an example from the Chinese National College Entrance Examination. Being politically well-qualified is important!
Above: PRC National College Entrance Exam question. Below scanned and machine-translated by Google Lens from my computer screen.
Above: Google Lens scanned Chinese text that was machine translated into English.
Robot translators won’t replace puny humans yet, but not so bad for a computer capability probably still in its infancy. I can usually get a better translation than — looks like Google Translate) by transferring the Chinese text to my PC’s clipboard and then copying it into DeepL.
Use Google Docs to Scan Image PDFs and JPEG Image Files
There are two kinds of PDFs: PDFs that incorporate text in character form and PDF that have text as an image. PDFs that incorporate text can be simply copied and pasted although you lose the formatting. Google Docs can import a PDF and does a sort of scan that produces text, also losing formatting and with the varying quality depending upon the quality of the image in the PDF. This can be useful, even though you will need to read over the Chinese text and fix where the scan didn’t come up with the correct character. I have found the scans pick up nearly all the Chinese characters in a clear PDF. See the discussion Convert PDF and photo files to text in the Google Drive documentation. Once you have the Google Docs “scanned” (perhaps recognized would be better), you can copy the Chinese text into your document or import it into a machine translation engine like Google Translation or DeepL or a dictionary application like Pleco. Pleco is my favorite Chinese dictionary app. In addition to the free dictionaries, I also purchased some other fine dictionaries. I rely mostly on the Chinese-Chinese 汉语大词典 and the Chinese-French Grand Ricci. Pleco also has a text scanning function. I have found, however, that Google Lens and Google Docs image scanning conversion to Chinese text works much better that does the Pleco Chinese text scanning feature. So I like to import my scan into Pleco.
Learn Chinese Songs with Lyrics on Spotify
I notice that Spotify has a karaoke microphone button at bottom right of the song as it is played. Not all songs have lyrics but quite a few of them do.
ROC/Taiwan’s Bopomofu: Pronunciation Integrated into the Character Font! A Fine Tool for Learning Character Pronunciation from Context!
When I studied Chinese while teaching at Tunghai in the early 1980s I found the way the 古今文选 gujin wenxuan [Ancient and Modern Literary Selections] Mandarin Daily/国语日报 introduced grammar and and vocabulary progressively in a controlled readings of gradually increasing complexity to be remarkable and most effective. When I taught English at Tunghai University in Taiwan in the early 1980s we used the “Ladder Series” of readers to give our students extensive reading in English that would progressively introduce them to more advanced vocabulary and syntax with suitable repetition for reinforcement. The Ancient and Modern Literary Selections work that way.
Though I have forgotten bopomofo now, it was great as training wheels. For several reasons:
— The pronunciation symbols are written as part of the Chinese character font so you read the pronunciation at a glance as you read the characters. This makes it much easier to pick up Chinese vocabulary was one might as a learner of French or Spanish — picking up words in context with pronunciation. I learned many characters from context in my reading (after you learn the first 300, it gets a lot easier since you can memorize most new characters as patterns of characters you previously learned.
— Using a non-romanized pronunciation system may help with pronunciation too — one of my grad school teachers at Penn, Nathan Sivin told me one day that he could tell which romanization system a student had started with from their mispronunciation of Chinese!
That compact script printed alongside as part of the character font gave me pronunciation much more effectively than pinyin romanizations that normally don’t align perfectly with the Chinese character fonts. When I used pinyin romanization, my eyes would be jumping back and forth between the characters and romanization because they didn’t align perfectly. Not a problem with bopomofo.
I remember being asked on two different occasions by Chinese friends, why do I often meet foreigners who speak Chinese fluently with excellent pronunciation but we can’t really have a discussion with them? The answer, I think, is the character barrier. If we learn a language with an alphabet, we have more (Spanish, German) or less (French — the dictée is tough even for French people!) a good idea of how the new vocabulary word is pronounced. While you sometimes get a clue in Chinese, guessing pronunciation is much harder. And considering the dedication and hard work that learning characters takes (sometimes exaggerated; I found that after learning the first 300 or so it got easier because the new characters I learned were nearly always some combination of characters that I already know.
I was a big bo-po-mo-fo 注音符号 fan while I was learning Chinese.
When I became an advanced student, I found that the old Chinese texts presented in the Ancient and Modern Literary Selections were not reliable texts. Establishing accurate ancient texts is hard and these books were written during the 1960s for a non-scholarly audience. Great for language learning though.
A complete series running from elementary through university student level would be expensive. In the early 1980s while teaching English at Tunghai University in Taichung in the morning and auditing Tunghai university courses in the afternoon, I used to buy paperback copies of a few dozen pages each aimed at a particular reading level.
Mandarin Daily puts out a variety of books and other materials aimed principally at elementary school and higher level students which are also suitable for foreigners studying Chinese. Mandarin Daily also runs summer schools that parents of Chinese extractions living elsewhere sent their children to improve their Chinese.
Irrelevant Linguistic Adventures
I’ve had my own experience with cross-language pronunciation interference a problem! When I studied at the University of Caen in France in 1973, most French people thought I was English. I finally realized that I was speaking French with my Boston accent (see linked Wiki article). Longer vowels (broad a) and hatred for the “r” sound can cause confusion. My French teacher at Caen told us not to worry overmuch about perfect pronunciation. He told us “With imperfect pronunciation you are a brilliant foreigners; with excellent pronunciation you sound like a dumb Frenchman!”
The Wiki article mentions that the Boston accent has some features that resemble the received pronunciation of the UK. Some classmates from the North of England mentioned “BBC pronunciation” classes used to retread their pronunciation — that is the pronunciation of people who didn’t grew up area speaking the high prestige dialect that still functions as a social filter in their country. At lunch with English classmates, one of them said my English was pretty good for an American — perhaps because my Boston accent sounded a bit like the pronunciation of the East Midlands — there is a Boston in Lincolnshire too! I remember from Robert MacNeil’s 1986 PBS TV series “The Story of English” [Fun! Watch it on YouTube] a video comparison made of people talking at supermarket in Boston and a pub in Boston, Lincolnshire. Startling similarities. I suppose Boston got its name from the senior Boston, settlers too most likely!
When I first met my classmates from the North of England, I pretended to be a very enthusiastic student, and spoke to my classmates from the North of England mostly in French because I couldn’t understand them very well! After a month or two I got used to their pronunciation and didn’t have any problem.
Over the years I learned and forgot bopomofo and then learned it again three or four times! I expect that a bo-po-mo-fo renaissance would be too much to hope for although it is a very good tool for learning/absorbing the pronunciation of Chinese characters without dictionary interruptions by context as you would as a student of romanized languages such as French, Spanish or English.
Online Resources — Youtube, Videos, Chinese Classical Texts Explained in Modern Chinese
I expect that intermediate and advanced students of Chinese will want to become familiar with the great variety of online resources in Chinese. This includes Baidu and the Baidu Baike online encyclopedia. I’ve found good material on there that helps answer my questions, most recently a good article on the history of the work unit system that I used DeepL to do a machine translation which I then post-edited and used in my translation blog article Basic Cell of First-half PRC Economic and Political Organization: The Work Unit.
Lately I have been fascinated by online lectures on YouTube.
During the epidemic many Chinese lecturers have increasingly gone online. Some of these lectures show up on YouTube. I have blogged about a few of them. YouTube makes it easy to slow down the speed of the video. Qin Hui I find fascinating. Many lectures by Taiwan University Professor Fu Peirong on Confucius, Mencius and other Chinese philosophers and ancient texts are available on YouTube.
- Zhang Baijia: “History and Experience of the Chinese Communist Party’s Engagement with the United States”: A Lecture by Professor Zhang Baijia
- Shen Zhihua: Shen Zhihua on State of Chinese Research on Relations with Neighboring Asian Countries
- Zhang Baijia: Zhang Baijia: Reflections on China’s Research on Frontiers and Relations with Neighboring States
- Qin Hui: 2016: Qin Hui on 20th Century Democratic Transformations: Successes and Failures
- Qin Hui: 2013: Full Text — Qin Hui on Holding Government Accountable and the Road to Constitutionalism — Now Banned Tianze Economic Thinktank 464th Biweekly Seminar End note]
An intriguing talk available on YouTube by top Party historian Zhang Baijia on YouTube with Chinese subtitles on how Communist Party history evolved from pure propaganda to something a bit more like history 中央文献研究室章百家：对中共历史的新认识 including about half-way through a discussion of the indispensable role of Moscow-led Communist International in the founding and support of the Chinese Communist Party in its early years. Jonathan Spence’s The Search for Modern China has extensive discussions on Comintern’s role.
- 王志安 Wang Zhi’an’s YouTube video blog on China today with Chinese and English subtitles is helpful for people studying Chinese. Clear pronunciation and a Chinese transcript (click on the three dots at screen bottom right to bring it up.)(https://www.youtube.com/@wangzhian/videos).
- Leung Man-tao’s Thousand and One Nights Video Series on YouTube
- Phoenix TV’s social and arts discussion program 锵锵三人行 program ended in 2017. A collection of old programs is on YouTube.
If you would like to see more Chinese domestic TV broadcasts and video websites hard to get outside the Bamboo Firewall, there are VPNs aimed at Chinese abroad that allow you to see a limited number of websites that you otherwise would not be able to see. One such VPN service (apparently not anonymizing VPN) you can subscribe to at Transocks.com https://www.transocks.com/ Translated below is Transocks’ sales pitch:
YouTube has many Chinese television series — for example the legal dramas
- 精英律师 “The Best Partner‘ with both Chinese and English subtitles and
- Juesheng fating 决胜法庭 with Chinese subtitles.
- 普法欄目劇 [pufa lanmu Popularization of Knowledge About the Law] a TV series with Chinese subtitles from Central Chinese Television.
- In a new PRC TV series “The Knockout” (English subtitles available) a police officer uses the strategic thinking of Sun Zi to fight organized crime. See PRC TV Drama Boosts Interest in Sun Zi and Winning Through Strategy
Podcasts
There are many excellent Chinese language podcasts out there. Give them a try!
- 不明白 （https://www.bumingbai.net/）– top-notch interviews; website also has transcripts of each episode — example: my notes on their Victor Shih interview — 2023: Crisis in Chinese Local Government Finance — Prof. Victor Shih’s Chinese Language Podcast Interview
- 声东击西 （https://etw.fm/）
- 故事FM （https://www.xiaoyuzhoufm.com/podcast/5e280fad418a84a0461fb38b）My notes on a Gushi FM interview series: Politically Sensitive Interviews with Activists, Students, Artist on China Today
- 不合时宜 https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%88%E6%97%B6%E5%AE%9C/id1487143507）
Chinese Philosophical and Literary Texts Online
5000yan.com is an excellent collection of ancient Chinese texts explained in modern Chinese. I used the web reader function in Pleco to bring 5000yan webpages up inside of my Pleco dictionary. Another large sometimes bilingual collection of ancient Chinese texts is the Chinese Text Project at https://ctext.org/
Another Off-Topic Diversion: China’s Right to Speak and He Qinglian’s Red Infiltration: the Truth About the Expanding Global Reach of Chinese Media
A few years ago I ran across a Baidu article on the intriguing concept translated into English as “Chinese right to speak out” 话语权 huayuquan that turned out to be copied from the Communist Party theoretical journal Qiushi 求是. I have to admit that after reading the article “China’s right to speak out” seemed a bit more like “China’s right to control the narrative”. See my translation of a Chinese article on this topic on this blog — China’s Huayuquan 话语权 — Does it mean ‘China’s Right to Speak’ or ‘the Right to Control Discourse About China’ This reminds me of the domestic Party-think applied within China’s borders. Running down the sources of articles and comments about them can be a lot of fun.
I liked He Qinglian’s book 紅色滲透：中國媒體全球擴張的真相 [Red Infiltration: the Truth About the Global Expansion of Chinese Media] on how the United Front Work Department applies this approach to Chinese language media outside of China. Part at least of the book has been translated into English — see 2019 He Qinglian: Concerns as Taiwan Faces “Red Infiltration”.
Appendix One: A Chatbot Clone Explains a Chinese Proverb and the Stories Behind It in Both Chinese and English.
Here I used the Chatbot open source clone Chatbot UI at https://www.chatbotui.com/
Asking the same questions in Chinese:
Appendix Two: Example of a DeepL Machine Translation
Chronology of US – China bilateral relations from the website of the PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
The machine translation preserves the formatting of the Chinese original text. Bulleted items would often be preferred for English text. So that you will get a good idea of what this particularly good Chinese – English machine translation program can do, I didn’t do any post editing or comparisons with the Chinese text I would normally do to ensure translation accuracy — human translators are still needed. Machine translations can suffer from the poison cookie problem — there are mostly good cookies in the cookie jar but one of them is poisonous! Machine translations need to be checked closely for accuracy. I found this article on the PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs website which is at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn The Chinese language side of the PRC MOFA website includes chronologies and articles on China’s bilateral relations with the many countries of the world (nearly all) with which it has diplomatic relations.
Machine translation has gotten a lot better over the past fifteen year or so as Google and other companies incorporated some AI and statistical techniques into machine translation engines.
Begin machine translation
China’s Relations with the United States
(Last updated: September 2020)
I. Bilateral Political Relations
(I) Date of establishment of diplomatic relations
On December 16, 1978, China and the United States issued the Joint Communiqué of the People’s Republic of China and the United States of America on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations, and on January 1, 1979, China and the United States formally established diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial level.
(2) Overview of the normalization of Sino-US relations and bilateral relations since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries
In February 1972, U.S. President Richard Nixon visited China at the invitation of Premier Zhou Enlai, and the door of Sino-U.S. relations was reopened. In December 1975, U.S. President Ford was invited to visit China, and on January 1, 1979, the United States and China formally established diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial level, and the United States announced the severance of the so-called “diplomatic relations” with Taiwan. “In January 1979, at the invitation of U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping visited the United States, opening a new chapter in the history of U.S.-China relations. On August 17, 1982, the Chinese and U.S. governments issued the Sino-U.S. “August 17 Communiqué,” in which the U.S. side pledged that “it would not seek to pursue a long-term policy of arms sales to Taiwan, that it would sell no more weapons to Taiwan in terms of performance and quantity than in recent years since the establishment of diplomatic relations, and that it would be prepared to to gradually reduce its arms sales to Taiwan over a period of time leading to a final settlement.” The three U.S.-China Joint Communiqués (i.e., the Shanghai Communiqué, the Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between China and the United States, and the August 17 Communiqué) have become the guiding documents for the development of U.S.-China relations.
Since the establishment of diplomatic relations, China and the U.S. have carried out exchanges and cooperation in a wide range of political and economic fields; in January 1984, Chinese Premier visited the U.S. In April, U.S. President Reagan visited China; in July 1985, President Li Xiannian visited the U.S. In February 1989, U.S. President George Herbert Walker Bush was invited to make a working visit to China.
After the political turmoil in Beijing in 1989, the U.S. announced “sanctions” against China and suspended high-level contacts between the two countries, seriously deteriorating relations between the two countries. In 1992, the U.S. government announced the sale of 150 F-16 fighter jets to Taiwan, a serious violation of the U.S.-China “August 17 Communiqué”, and relations between the two countries deteriorated again.
On November 19, 1993, President Jiang Zemin held a formal meeting with President Clinton during an informal meeting of APEC leaders in Seattle, USA.
On November 14, 1994, President Jiang Zemin and President Clinton met on the sidelines of the informal APEC Leaders’ Meeting in Indonesia.
In May 1995, the U.S. government announced that Lee Teng-hui would be allowed to visit the U.S. on a “private” basis in June of that year, and Sino-U.S. relations hit a low point. The Chinese government made stern representations and resolutely fought against the U.S. side’s interference in China’s internal affairs and infringement on China’s sovereignty.
On October 24, 1995, President Jiang Zemin met with U.S. President Bill Clinton in New York during the 50th anniversary celebration of the United Nations.
On November 2, 1996, President Jiang Zemin met with U.S. President Clinton in the Philippines during the fourth informal meeting of APEC leaders.
On September 11, 1997, President Jiang Zemin met with President Clinton in Vancouver, Canada, during the Fifth Informal Meeting of APEC Leaders, and from late October to early November, at the invitation of President Clinton, President Jiang Zemin paid a state visit to the United States, during which the two sides issued the Sino-US Joint Statement.
On May 25, 1998, President Jiang Zemin and U.S. President Clinton spoke for the first time via a direct confidential telephone call between the two heads of state, and from June 25 to July 3, President Clinton paid a state visit to China at the invitation of President Jiang Zemin. U.S. Vice President Al Gore, who represented U.S. President Clinton at the meeting.
On April 6-14, 1999, at the invitation of President Clinton, Premier Zhu Rongji paid an official visit to the U.S. On May 8, the U.S.-led NATO bombed the Chinese Embassy in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, causing heavy casualties among Chinese personnel and serious damage to the premises. On the same morning, the Chinese government issued a statement expressing great indignation and severe condemnation of this barbaric atrocity and protesting in the strongest terms. on May 9, U.S. President Clinton wrote to President Jiang Zemin to express “my apologies and sincere condolences for the tragic scenes and loss of life that occurred yesterday at the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade “On May 14, President Jiang Zemin spoke by telephone with President Clinton by appointment. President Clinton apologized for the bombing and said he would order a thorough and comprehensive investigation into the incident. on June 16, the U.S. reported to the Chinese government the results of the U.S. government’s investigation into the bombing. on September 11, President Jiang Zemin and U.S. President Clinton held a formal meeting in Auckland, New Zealand, on the sidelines of an informal meeting of APEC leaders. on October 17 and November On December 16, China and the United States reached an agreement on compensation for the bombing of the Chinese Embassy in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
On May 28, 2000, President Jiang Zemin spoke by telephone with President Clinton, and on September 8, President Jiang Zemin held a formal meeting with President Clinton during the United Nations Millennium Summit in New York, U.S. On November 16, President Jiang Zemin and President Clinton held a formal meeting during an informal meeting of APEC leaders in Brunei.
On April 1, 2001, a U.S. EP-3 military reconnaissance aircraft crashed into a Chinese J-8 aircraft that was following it during a reconnaissance of China over the sea 104 kilometers southeast of Hainan Island, killing pilot Wang Wei. The U.S. plane entered Chinese airspace without permission and landed at Lingshui military airport on Hainan Island. On April 11, China accepted a letter of apology from the U.S. side for the crash of a U.S. military reconnaissance aircraft into a Chinese military aircraft. On September 11, President Jiang Zemin called President Bush to express his deep condolences to the U.S. government and people for the violent terrorist attacks in New York and Washington, D.C., and to express China’s opposition to all forms of terrorism. On November 12 and December 13, President Jiang Zemin spoke with President Bush by telephone.
On February 21-22, 2002, at the invitation of President Jiang Zemin, U.S. President George W. Bush paid a working visit to China. President Jiang Zemin paid a working visit to the United States.
On June 1, President Hu Jintao met with President Bush in Evian, France, on the sidelines of the Informal Dialogue between North and South Leaders, and on October 19, President Hu Jintao met with President Bush in Bangkok, Thailand, on the sidelines of the APEC Leaders’ Informal Meeting. From December 7 to 10, Premier Wen Jiabao paid an official visit to the United States at the invitation of U.S. President George W. Bush.
From April 13 to 15, 2004, at the invitation of Vice President Zeng Qinghong, U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney paid a working visit to China. On November 20, President Hu Jintao and President Bush met during the informal APEC Leaders’ Meeting in Chile.
On May 5, 2005, President Hu Jintao spoke by telephone with President Bush, and on July 7, President Hu Jintao and President Bush met in Scotland during the G-8 dialogue with the leaders of China, India, Brazil, South Africa and Mexico. On September 13, President Hu Jintao met with President Bush in New York during the 60th anniversary summit of the United Nations, and on November 19-21, President Bush visited China at the invitation of President Hu Jintao.
From April 18 to 21, 2006, President Hu Jintao paid a state visit to the United States at the invitation of President George W. Bush. On November 8, the third U.S.-China Strategic Dialogue was held in Beijing, and on November 19, President Hu Jintao met with President Bush in Hanoi, Vietnam, during an informal meeting of APEC leaders, and on November 27, President Hu Jintao had a telephone conversation with President Bush. The first U.S.-China Strategic Economic Dialogue was held in Beijing from December 14 to 15.
On February 15, 2007, President Hu Jintao had a telephone conversation with President Bush, and on May 22-23, the second U.S.-China Strategic Economic Dialogue was held in Washington, D.C. On June 8, President Hu Jintao met with President Bush in Heiligendamm, Germany, on the sidelines of the G-8 Dialogue with Leaders of Developing Countries. On September 6, President Hu Jintao met with President Bush in Sydney, Australia, on the sidelines of the 15th informal meeting of APEC leaders, and on December 6, President Hu Jintao had a telephone conversation with President Bush.
On March 26 and May 13, President Hu Jintao spoke with President Bush by telephone. From August 7 to 11, President Bush, his wife Laura and their families came to China to observe the Beijing Olympics and attend related events. On October 3, the U.S. government notified Congress of its decision to sell Taiwan arms and equipment worth $6.463 billion. On October 21 and November 8, President Hu Jintao spoke by telephone with President Bush at the invitation of President Bush to attend the G20 Leaders’ Meeting in Washington, D.C. on November 14-15. On November 21, President Hu Jintao met with U.S. President George W. Bush in Lima, Peru, during the 16th informal meeting of APEC leaders. The sixth China-U.S. Strategic Dialogue was held in Washington, D.C.
On January 4, 2009, President Hu Jintao had a telephone call with President George W. Bush, and on January 30, President Hu Jintao had a telephone call with incoming President Barack Obama. On July 27-28, President Hu Jintao, Vice Premier Wang Qishan and State Councilor Dai Bingguo co-chaired the first round of the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue with President Obama’s Special Representatives, Secretary of State Clinton and Treasury Secretary Geithner in Washington, D.C. On September 22, President Hu Jintao met with President Obama at the 64th session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York. On October 21, President Hu Jintao spoke by telephone with President Obama at the invitation of President Hu Jintao, and on November 15-18, President Obama paid a state visit to China.
President Hu Jintao meets with President Obama in Washington, D.C., on April 12, 2010, and the second round of the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue was held in Beijing on May 24-25. On June 26, President Hu Jintao met with President Obama in Toronto, Canada, and on November 11, President Hu Jintao met with President Obama in Seoul, and on December 6, President Hu Jintao spoke with President Obama by telephone.
From January 18 to 21, 2011, at the invitation of President Barack Obama, President Hu Jintao paid a state visit to the U.S. From May 9 to 10, the third round of the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue was held in Washington, D.C. President Hu Jintao’s Special Representative, Vice Premier Wang Qishan and State Councilor Dai Bingguo co-chaired the dialogue with President Obama’s Special Representative, Secretary of State Clinton and Treasury Secretary Geithner. On August 17-22, at the invitation of Vice President Xi Jinping, U.S. Vice President Joe Biden paid an official visit to China. Premier Wen Jiabao and President Obama meet during the East Asia Summit in Bali, Indonesia, on Nov. 19.
From February 13 to 17, 2012, at the invitation of Vice President Joe Biden, Vice President Xi Jinping paid an official visit to the U.S. On March 26, President Hu Jintao met with President Obama on the sidelines of the Nuclear Security Summit in Seoul, South Korea. On June 19, President Hu Jintao met with President Obama in Los Cabos, Mexico, and on November 20, Premier Wen Jiabao met with President Obama in Phnom Penh during the East Asia Leaders Series.
On March 14, 2013, President Xi Jinping spoke with President Obama by telephone. President Xi Jinping and President Obama meet in St. Petersburg, Russia, on Sept. 6. On September 18-21, at the invitation of Secretary of State Kerry, Foreign Minister Wang Yi visited the United States before attending the general debate of the 68th session of the General Assembly. On December 4-5, at the invitation of Vice President Li Yuanchao, U.S. Vice President Joe Biden paid an official visit to China.
On January 22, 2014, Vice President Li Yuanchao met with U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Burns in Beijing, and from February 14 to 15, at the invitation of Foreign Minister Wang Yi, U.S. Secretary of State Kerry visited China. President Xi Jinping and his wife Peng Liyuan meet with President Obama’s wife Michelle at the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse on March 24, 2010. On July 2, State Councilor Yang Jiechi had a telephone call with Secretary of State Kerry, and the sixth round of the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue and the fifth round of the U.S.-China High-Level Consultation on Humanitarian Exchanges were held in Beijing from July 9 to 10. This round of the China-U.S. Strategic and Economic Dialogue was co-chaired by President Xi Jinping’s Special Representative, Vice Premier Wang Yang, and State Councilor Yang Jiechi, along with President Obama’s Special Representative, Secretary of State Kerry, and Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew, respectively. On July 14, President Xi Jinping spoke by telephone with President Obama in Fortaleza, Brazil, at the invitation of State Councilor Yang Jiechi. On September 23, President Xi Jinping’s special envoy and Vice Premier Zhang Gaoli met with U.S. President Barack Obama during his visit to New York to attend the United Nations Climate Summit. Foreign Minister Wang Yi visited the United States at the invitation of U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry on October 12. On November 7, Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with Secretary of State John Kerry in Beijing to attend the APEC Ministerial Meeting. On December 21, Foreign Minister Wang Yi had a telephone conversation with Secretary of State Kerry.
From February 10 to 12, 2015, U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Blinken visited China, and on February 11, President Xi Jinping had a telephone call with President Obama. On March 29, Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry in Lausanne, Switzerland, on the sidelines of the meeting between the six countries on the Iranian nuclear issue and Iranian foreign ministers. From June 23 to 24, the seventh round of China-US Strategic and Economic Dialogue and the sixth round of China-US High-Level Consultation on Humanistic Exchanges were successfully held in Washington, D.C. Vice Premier Liu Yandong, as President Xi Jinping’s special representative, co-chaired the high-level consultations with Secretary of State Kerry. On July 9, Vice Premier Wang Yang and State Councilor Yang Jiechi, as special representatives of President Xi Jinping, co-chaired the Strategic and Economic Dialogue with Secretary of State Kerry and Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew, special representatives of President Obama. On August 5, Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with Secretary of State John Kerry in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and from August 28 to 29, Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Condoleezza Rice visited China. On September 21, Foreign Minister Wang Yi made a telephone call with Secretary of State John Kerry. On November 24, State Councilor Yang Jiechi spoke by telephone with Secretary of State Kerry, and on November 30, President Xi Jinping held a bilateral meeting with President Obama in Paris on the sidelines of the United Nations Climate Change Conference. The dialogue was co-chaired by State Councilor and Minister of Public Security Guo Shengkun, along with U.S. Attorney General Lynch and Secretary of Homeland Security Johnson. On the same day, the second ministerial-level meeting between the Chinese Ministry of Public Security and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security was held in Washington, D.C. State Councilor and Minister of Public Security Guo Shengkun and U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security Johnson co-chaired the meeting.
On January 7, 2016, Foreign Minister Wang Yi spoke by telephone with Secretary of State John Kerry, who visited China from January 26 to 27. President Xi Jinping and State Councilor Yang Jiechi met separately, and Foreign Minister Wang Yi held talks, met with reporters and had a working lunch with Kerry.On February 5, President Xi Jinping spoke by telephone with U.S. President Barack Obama at an appointment.On February 12, Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with U.S. Secretary of State Kerry on the sidelines of the Foreign Ministers’ Meeting of the International Syria Support Group in Munich, Germany.From February 23 to 25 Foreign Minister Wang Yi made an official visit to the United States, met with Secretary of State Kerry, met with President Obama, Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Condoleezza Rice, Senate Foreign Affairs Committee Chairman James Corker, and House Foreign Affairs Committee Chairman John Royce, etc. On March 9, Foreign Minister Wang Yi spoke with Secretary of State Kerry by telephone. On April 22, President Xi Jinping’s special envoy and Vice Premier Zhang Gaoli met with Secretary of State Kerry in New York to attend the high-level signing ceremony of the Paris Agreement. On July 6, Foreign Minister Wang Yi spoke with Secretary of State Kerry on the phone, and from July 24 to 27, Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Condoleezza Rice visited China. President Xi Jinping, Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission Fan Changlong and Secretary of the Central Political and Legal Commission Meng Jianzhu met separately, while State Councilor Yang Jiechi held talks. On September 18-21, Premier Li Keqiang met with U.S. President Barack Obama in New York during a series of high-level meetings at the 71st session of the General Assembly, held discussions with members of the U.S. economic, financial, think tank and media communities, and attended a welcome banquet at the Economic Club of New York. On November 9, President Xi Jinping sent a congratulatory message to U.S. President-elect Donald Trump. On December 20, Foreign Minister Wang Yi received an outgoing call from U.S. Ambassador to China John Bocas.
On February 3, 2017, State Councilor Yang Jiechi had a telephone call with Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Flynn, and on February 10, President Xi Jinping had a telephone call with President Trump. From February 27 to 28, State Councilor Yang Jiechi visited the United States and met with President Donald Trump and Secretary of State Tillerson, etc. From March 18 to 19, Secretary of State Tillerson visited China at the invitation of Foreign Minister Wang Yi. On April 2, State Councilor Yang Jiechi had a telephone conversation with Secretary of State Tillerson at the invitation of President Trump. On April 12, President Xi Jinping spoke with President Trump by telephone. On April 28, Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with U.S. Secretary of State Tillerson in New York on the sidelines of the UN Security Council’s open ministerial meeting on the Korean Peninsula nuclear issue. On May 20, State Councilor Yang Jiechi had a telephone conversation with U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson. State Councilor Yang Jiechi co-chairs the first round of the U.S.-China Diplomatic Security Dialogue with Secretary of State Tillerson and Secretary of Defense Mattis in Washington, D.C. On June 22, State Councilor Yang Jiechi meets with Speaker of the House of Representatives Ryan in Washington, D.C. On July 3, President Xi Jinping speaks with President Trump by telephone. On July 12, President Xi Jinping received a letter of credentials from the new U.S. Ambassador to China Branstad, and from July 20 to 28, Governor Reynolds of Iowa visited China. On August 12, President Xi Jinping had a telephone conversation with President Trump, and on August 23, State Councilor Yang Jiechi had a telephone conversation with Secretary Tillerson, and on September 6, President Xi Jinping had a telephone conversation with President Trump.
On September 12-13, State Councilor Yang Jiechi met with U.S. Secretary of State Tillerson during his visit to Jamaica and Spain, and jointly met with Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs McMaster and Senior Advisor to the President Kushner, etc. On September 18, President Xi Jinping had a telephone conversation with President Trump. On September 24-26, U.S. Secretary of Commerce Ross visited China, and Premier Li Keqiang and Vice Premier Wang Yang met with him and Minister of Commerce Zhong Shan held working talks. President Xi Jinping sent a condolence message to President Trump on the shooting incident in Las Vegas, U.S. On October 12, State Councilor Yang Jiechi had a telephone conversation with Secretary of State Tillerson, and on October 25, President Xi Jinping had a telephone conversation with President Trump, who congratulated him on the victory of the 19th CPC National Congress and his re-election as General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee. On November 6, President Xi Jinping sent a condolence message to President Trump on the shooting in Texas, and President Trump paid a state visit to China from November 8 to 10 at the invitation of President Xi Jinping. On Nov. 29, President Xi Jinping spoke by phone with President Trump at an appointment.
On January 16, 2018, President Xi Jinping spoke with President Trump by telephone at his invitation. On April 26, Premier Li Keqiang and State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi met separately with U.S. Secretary of Transportation Chao Xiaolan, who came to China to attend the ninth meeting of the China-U.S. Transportation Forum. On May 8, President Xi Jinping had a telephone conversation with President Trump, and on May 23, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with Secretary of State Pompeo in Washington, D.C., on his return from a visit to Argentina. On June 29, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi had a telephone conversation with Secretary Pompeo on appointment. During the general debate of the 73rd session of the General Assembly, Wang met with the heads of the National Committee on United States-China Relations and the National Committee on United States-China Trade, former Secretary of State Kissinger and President Haas of the Council on Foreign Relations in New York, and delivered a speech entitled “Opportunity or Challenge, Partner or Adversary” at the Council on Foreign Relations. On November 1, President Xi Jinping had a telephone conversation with President Trump, and on November 1, Premier Li Keqiang met with the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives delegations to China led by U.S. Senator Alexander. On Nov. 8-10, President Xi Jinping, Vice President Wang Qishan, Vice Premier Liu He, Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission Xu Qiliang and State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with former U.S. Secretary of State Kissinger on his visit to China. On December 1, President Xi Jinping had dinner and met with President Trump in Buenos Aires, Argentina, at his invitation. On Dec. 29, President Xi Jinping speaks with President Trump by phone at his request.
On January 1, 2019, President Xi Jinping and President Trump exchanged congratulatory letters warmly congratulating each other on the 40th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the U.S. On January 10, a reception was held at the Great Hall of the People to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the U.S. Vice President Wang Qishan attended and delivered a speech.On January 17, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi was interviewed by People’s Daily on the 40th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the U.S. On March 1, the Yang Jiechi, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Director of the Office of the Central Foreign Affairs Commission, had a telephone conversation with Secretary of State Pompeo. From April 25 to 27, Democratic U.S. Senators Conyers and Hassan of Delaware led a delegation to China, and on May 18, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi had a telephone conversation with Secretary of State Pompeo, and from May 25 to June 2, Republican U.S. Representative Miller of West Virginia visited China. President Xi Jinping and President Trump met on the sidelines of the G20 Osaka Summit on July 29. A delegation of U.S. congressmen and western dignitaries led by Democratic U.S. Rep. Gono of California visited China from July 27 to August 5. On August 1, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with Secretary Pompeo on the sidelines of the East Asia Cooperation Series Foreign Ministers’ Meeting in Bangkok, Thailand. On August 13, Yang Jiechi, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Director of the Office of the Central Foreign Affairs Commission, and U.S. Secretary of State Pompeo exchanged views on China-U.S. relations in New York. From September 24 to 29, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with former Secretary of State Kissinger in New York during the general debate of the 74th session of the United Nations General Assembly, and attended and delivered a keynote speech at a dinner jointly organized by the National Committee on United States-China Relations, the National Committee on United States-China Trade, the National Chamber of Commerce and the Council on Foreign Relations. On November 4, Premier Li Keqiang met with Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs O’Brien, a special envoy of the U.S. President, on the sidelines of the East Asia Cooperation Leaders’ Meeting in Bangkok, Thailand. On December 7, Yang Jiechi, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Director of the Office of the Central Foreign Affairs Commission, had a telephone call with U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo. on December 20, President Xi Jinping had a telephone call with U.S. President Donald Trump at an appointment.
On January 3, 2020, Yang Jiechi, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Director of the Office of the Central Committee for Foreign Affairs, had a telephone call with U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo at an appointment. on January 15, Liu He, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Vice Premier of the State Council and Chinese lead of the China-US Comprehensive Economic Dialogue, met with U.S. President Donald Trump in Washington, D.C., and the two sides signed the first phase of the China-US economic and trade agreement. on January 29, the two sides signed the first phase of the China-US Economic and Trade Agreement. On March 16, Yang Jiechi, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Director of the Office of the Central Foreign Affairs Working Committee, had a telephone call with Secretary Pompeo. On April 15, Yang Jiechi, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Director of the Office of the Central Committee for Foreign Affairs, had a telephone call with U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, and on June 16-17, Yang Jiechi, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Director of the Office of the Central Committee for Foreign Affairs, had a dialogue with Secretary of State Mike Pompeo in Hawaii. Xi Jinping called U.S. President Donald Trump to send his condolences on the new coronavirus infection of President and Mrs. Trump.
Bilateral Trade Relations
(i) Bilateral Trade and Investment
In 2018, U.S.-China economic and trade issues have been highlighted. The U.S. side has continuously taken unilateral trade protectionist measures such as 201, 232 and 301 against China, imposed several rounds of tariffs on Chinese products exported to the U.S., listed China as a so-called “exchange rate manipulator” and used state power to suppress Chinese enterprises such as Huawei and ZTE. China had to take strong countermeasures and resolutely defend the interests of the country and its people. At the same time, China has always insisted on properly resolving Sino-US economic and trade issues through dialogue and consultation on the basis of equality and mutual respect. As of December 2019, China and the U.S. have held 13 rounds of high-level consultations on economic and trade. on December 13, 2019, the two sides announced that they had reached agreement on the text of the first phase of the economic and trade agreement between China and the U.S.
Bilateral trade and investment between China and the U.S. have declined due to economic and trade friction between the two countries and the new crown pneumonia epidemic.In 2019, bilateral trade in goods between China and the U.S. amounted to USD 541.22 billion, down 14.6% year-on-year, and China’s surplus was USD 295.8 billion, down 8.5% year-on-year. Chinese companies invested $3.33 billion in non-financial direct investment in the U.S., and the cumulative two-way investment between China and the U.S. approached $250 billion. According to the Ministry of Commerce of China, by the end of 2019, the total number of U.S. investment projects in China was 71,914, with actual investment amounting to about $87.88 billion. from January to August 2020, U.S.-China trade in goods amounted to $344.30 billion, down 3.5% year-on-year, and the Chinese surplus was $187.82 billion, down 3.9% year-on-year. Direct investment by Chinese companies in the U.S. was $3.09 billion, down 18.6 percent year-on-year. According to the Chinese Ministry of Commerce, the actual U.S. investment in China was $89.37 billion by the end of August 2020.
(II) High-level exchanges in economic and trade fields in recent years
On April 8, 2010, President Hu Jintao’s Special Representative and Vice Premier Wang Qishan met with U.S. Treasury Secretary Geithner, President Obama’s Special Representative, in Beijing, and on May 24-25, the second round of the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue was held in Beijing. On October 24, Vice Premier Wang Qishan, Special Representative of President Hu Jintao and Vice Premier of the State Council, met with Secretary of the Treasury Geithner, Special Representative of President Obama, at Qingdao Airport. On December 14-15, Vice Premier Wang Qishan co-chaired the 21st U.S.-China Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade with Commerce Secretary Gary Locke and Trade Representative Kirk in Washington, D.C. On December 14, Vice Premier Wang Qishan met with Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Donilon, National Economic Council Director Summers and Treasury Secretary Geithner in the United States.
On May 10, 2011, Commerce Minister Chen Deming met with U.S. Commerce Secretary Gary Locke during the third round of the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue. Vice Premier Wang Qishan co-chaired the meeting with U.S. Secretary of Commerce Bryson and Trade Representative Kirk, and U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Vilsack attended.
On May 3-4, 2012, the fourth round of the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue was held in Beijing, and on December 18-19, the 23rd Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade was held in Washington, D.C. Vice Premier Wang Qishan co-chaired the meeting with Acting Secretary of Commerce Blank and Trade Representative Kirk.
From March 19 to 20, 2013, U.S. President Barack Obama’s Special Representative and Secretary of the Treasury Jacob Lew visited China. President Xi Jinping and Premier Li Keqiang met with him and his counterpart in Washington, D.C. From July 10 to 11, the fifth round of the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue was held in Washington, D.C. During the meeting, President Xi Jinping’s Special Representative and Vice Premier Wang Yang met with Secretary of Agriculture Vilsack, Secretary of Commerce Pritzker and Trade Representative Froman in Washington, D.C. On August 21, Commerce Minister Gao Hucheng On October 27-30, at the invitation of the National Development and Reform Commission, U.S. Secretary of Energy Moniz visited China, and Vice Premier Zhang Gaoli met with him separately. Vice Premier Wang Yang co-chaired the meeting with U.S. Commerce Secretary Pritzker and Trade Representative Frohman.
On March 29, 2014, Vice Premier Wang Yang met with members of the U.S. delegation in Beijing to participate in the Fourth Dialogue on U.S.-China Relations. Vice Premier Wang Yang co-chaired the 25th Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade with U.S. Commerce Secretary Pritzker and Trade Representative Frohman in Chicago from December 16 to 18. U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Vilsack attended the meeting.
On March 30-31, 2015, U.S. President Barack Obama’s Special Representative and Secretary of the Treasury Jacob Lew visited China, and Premier Li Keqiang, Vice Premier Wang Yang and Finance Minister Lou Jiwei met with him. -On June 23-24, the seventh round of the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue was held in Washington, D.C. On September 11, Vice Premier Wang Yang had a telephone call with U.S. Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew. The 26th Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade was held in Guangzhou from Nov. 21 to 23. Vice Premier Wang Yang co-chaired the meeting with U.S. Secretary of Commerce Pritzker and Trade Representative Frohman. U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Vilsack attended the meeting, and the 26th U.S.-China Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade was successfully held in Guangzhou from November 21 to 23. Chinese Vice Premier Wang Yang co-chaired the meeting with U.S. Secretary of Commerce Pritzker and Trade Representative Frohman, with U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Vilsack in attendance.
On February 2, 2016, Vice Premier Wang Yang met with U.S. Trade Representative Frohman, and on February 3, Vice Premier Wang Yang had a telephone conversation with U.S. Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew, and on February 28-29, U.S. Special Representative to the President and Secretary of the Treasury Jacob Lew visited China. On June 26, Vice Premier Wang Yang had a telephone call with U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Jacob Lew, and on July 17, Vice Premier Wang Yang had a telephone call with U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Jacob Lew, and on August 19, Vice Premier Wang Yang had a telephone call with U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Jacob Lew. Vice Premier Wang Yang meets with U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Jacob Lew at the G20 Leaders Summit in Hangzhou, China, on Oct. 23, and Vice Premier Wang Yang calls with U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Jacob Lew.
On January 18, 2017, Vice Premier Wang Yang had a telephone call with U.S. Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew, and on February 17, Vice Premier Wang Yang, People’s Bank of China Governor Zhou Xiaochuan, Finance Minister Xiao Jie and Liu He, Director of the Office of the Central Leading Group for Financial and Economic Affairs, had a telephone call with U.S. Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin. On May 3, Vice Premier Wang Yang, as the Chinese lead of the U.S.-China Comprehensive Economic Dialogue, had a telephone call with U.S. Treasury Secretary Mnuchin and Commerce Secretary Ross, the U.S. co-leads. On July 3, Vice Premier Wang Yang and Secretary of Commerce Ross spoke by phone.
From February 27 to March 3, 2018, at the invitation of the U.S. government, Liu He, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, director of the Office of the Central Leading Group for Financial and Economic Affairs, and Chinese lead of the U.S.-China Comprehensive Economic Dialogue, visited the U.S. and held consultations with U.S. Treasury Secretary Mnuchin, White House National Economic Council Director Cohn, and Trade Representative Lighthizer on U.S.-China economic and trade cooperation and other important issues of mutual concern. on May 3 From May 15 to 19, Liu He, special envoy of President Xi Jinping, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Vice Premier of the State Council, and Chinese lead of the US-China Comprehensive Economic Dialogue, led a delegation to the US for consultations on US-China economic and trade issues. On December 11, Liu He, a member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Vice Premier of the State Council and the leader of the U.S.-China Economic and Trade Consultation, had a telephone conversation with Treasury Secretary Mnuchin and Trade Representative Lighthizer. The two sides exchanged views on the timetable and roadmap for implementing the consensus of the meeting between the two heads of state and advancing the next step of the economic and trade consultations.
From January 30 to 31, 2019, Liu He, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Vice Premier of the State Council and Chinese lead of the US-China Comprehensive Economic Dialogue, held the fifth round of high-level consultations on China-US economic and trade with US Trade Representative Lighthizer and Treasury Secretary Mnuchin in Washington and met with US President Donald Trump. from February 14 to 15, Liu He, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Vice Premier of the State Council and Chinese lead of the US-China Comprehensive Economic Dialogue, held the fifth round of high-level consultations on China-US economic and trade with US Trade Representative Lighthizer and Treasury Secretary Mnuchin. President Xi Jinping meets with U.S. Trade Representative Lighthizer and Treasury Secretary Mnuchin on Feb. 15. From March 28 to 29, Liu He, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Vice Premier of the State Council, and Chinese leader of the US-China Comprehensive Economic Dialogue, held the eighth round of high-level consultations on trade and economic cooperation with US Trade Representative Lighthizer and Treasury Secretary Mnuchin in Beijing. From April 3 to 5, Liu He, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Vice Premier of the State Council and Chinese lead of the US-China Comprehensive Economic Dialogue, held the ninth round of high-level consultations on trade and economic cooperation with US Trade Representative Lighthizer and Treasury Secretary Mnuchin in Washington, DC, and met with President Trump. From April 30 to May 1, Liu He, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Vice Premier of the State Council and Chinese lead of the US-China Comprehensive Economic Dialogue, held the 10th round of high-level consultations on trade and economy with US Trade Representative Lighthizer and Treasury Secretary Mnuchin in Beijing. from May 9 to 10, Liu He, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Vice Premier of the State Council and Chinese lead of the US-China Comprehensive Economic Dialogue, held the 11th round of high-level consultations on trade and economy with US Trade Representative Lighthizer and Treasury Secretary Mnuchin in Washington. from July 30 to 31, Liu He met with President Trump. Liu He, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Vice Premier of the State Council and Chinese lead of the US-China Comprehensive Economic Dialogue, holds the 12th round of high-level consultations on trade and economic cooperation with U.S. Trade Representative Lighthizer and Treasury Secretary Mnuchin in Shanghai. Treasury Secretary Mnuchin for the 13th round of high-level consultations on trade and economic cooperation between China and the United States, and met with President Trump.
Liu He, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Vice Premier of the State Council and Chinese lead of the US-China Comprehensive Economic Dialogue, signs the first phase of the US-China economic and trade agreement with President Donald Trump in Washington, DC, on January 15, 2020. On August 25, Liu He, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Vice Premier of the State Council and Chinese lead of the US-China Comprehensive Economic Dialogue, had a telephone call with US Trade Representative Lighthizer and Treasury Secretary Mnuchin.
III. U.S.-China Exchanges and Cooperation in Education, Science and Technology, Culture, Law Enforcement and Other Fields
In recent years, China and the United States have had frequent exchanges in the fields of education, science and technology, culture, sports, tourism, health, and law enforcement, and new progress has been made in various areas of cooperation. At present, China and the U.S. have established 50 pairs of friendly provinces and states and 227 pairs of friendly cities.In 2018, 5.15 million people travelled between China and the U.S., including 2.82 million from China to the U.S. and 2.33 million from the U.S. to China. China is the number one source of international students in the U.S. As of the end of 2018, there were 425,000 Chinese students of all types studying in the U.S. In 2018, 183,000 Chinese students went to the U.S. and 21,000 U.S. students came to China.
On April 13, 2010, State Councilor Dai Bingguo met with U.S. Secretary of Energy Steven Chu in Washington, D.C. From April 22 to 24, the Third National Chinese Language Conference was held in Washington, D.C. On May 25, the inauguration ceremony and the first meeting of the China-U.S. High-level Consultation Mechanism for Humanities Exchange was held in Beijing. From July 18 to 23, at the invitation of U.S. Secretary of Energy Steven Chu, Minister of Science and Technology Wan Gang attended the Clean Energy Ministerial Conference in Washington, D.C., and met with U.S. Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke, Secretary of Energy Steven Chu, Assistant to the President for Science and Technology and Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy Holdren, and the U.S. Trade National Committee. On November 16, Vice Premier Li Keqiang met with U.S. Secretary of Energy Steven Chu in Beijing, and from October 20 to 21, Attorney General Holder visited China.
On January 24, 2011, the signing ceremony of the Memorandum of Understanding between the State Forestry Administration of the People’s Republic of China and the Department of Agriculture of the United States of America on the joint construction of the China Garden was held in the U.S. The Memorandum was signed by Chinese Ambassador Zhang Yesui and U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Vilsack. April 10-16, State Councilor Liu Yandong went to the U.S. to host the second round of high-level consultations on humanistic exchanges between China and the U.S. and visited the U.S. August 5, 2011 On August 18, State Councilor Liu Yandong met with Georgetown University President John DeGioia in Zhongnanhai’s Ziguang Pavilion. The Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, a prestigious arts hall in Washington, D.C., opened its doors. Minister of Culture Cai Wu delivered a short speech at the opening ceremony. On the same day, Minister of Culture Cai Wu delivered a keynote speech entitled “Chinese Culture and China’s Peaceful Development” at the Wilson Center in Washington, D.C. On September 22, the opening event of the “Porcelain City – Contemporary Chinese Porcelain Painting Exhibition in Jingdezhen” was held at the Meridian International Center in Washington, D.C. Minister of Culture Cai Wu, Meridian International Center President Stuart Holliday and Washington political, business and cultural celebrities more than 300 people attended the event. September 23, Minister of Culture Cai Wu met with the city’s former Mayor Daley in Chicago. On September 25-26, Minister of Culture Cai Wu led a Chinese government cultural delegation to Los Angeles, U.S. On September 28, State Councilor Liu Yandong met in Beijing with Paul Oudning, President and CEO of Intel Corporation. On November 1-2, the ninth meeting of the Sino-US Joint Liaison Group on Law Enforcement Cooperation was held in Washington, D.C.
On April 24-25, 2012, the fifth round of Sino-U.S. legal experts exchange was held in Beijing, and on May 1, the 14th Sino-U.S. Joint Commission on Science and Technology Cooperation was held in Beijing. President Hu Jintao sent a congratulatory letter to the Joint Commission. State Councilor Liu Yandong attended the Joint Commission, read President Hu’s congratulatory letter, and met with the U.S. government’s science and technology delegation led by Assistant to the President for Science and Technology Affairs and Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy Holdren. Minister of Science and Technology Wan Gang and Holdren signed the Joint Statement of the 14th U.S.-China Joint Commission on Science and Technology Cooperation after the meeting, and the 3rd U.S.-China Innovation Dialogue was held in Beijing on May 1-2. Minister of Science and Technology Wan Gang and Assistant to the President for Science and Technology and Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy Holdren co-chaired the meeting, and the third round of U.S.-China high-level consultations on humanities exchanges was held in Beijing on May 3-4. State Councilor Liu Yandong and U.S. Secretary of State Clinton co-chaired the plenary session of the consultation. on May 3, the Ministry of Science and Technology and the U.S. Department of State co-hosted a clean stove exhibition in Beijing. On May 4, the first “U.S.-China Dialogue of State Directors of Education” was held in Beijing. The first U.S.-China Joint Working Group on Environmental Studies was held in Cincinnati, Ohio, from June 25 to 2. On August 22, the 10th Joint Working Group Meeting on U.S.-China Cooperation in Agricultural Science and Technology was held in Shandong, China. on September 4, Minister of Culture Cai Wu met in Beijing with the President of the U.S.-China Cultural Council and former President of the American Council of 100, Sheryl Yang. on September 6 to 8, the Ministry of Culture and the National Endowment for the Humanities co-sponsored the “From December 17 to 18, the 10th meeting of the Sino-US Joint Liaison Group on Law Enforcement Cooperation was held in Guangzhou.
On January 16, 2013, Li Yuanchao, a member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, met with a delegation from the Kennedy School of Government of Harvard University who came to China to attend an academic seminar. on July 3, Meng Jianzhu, a member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Secretary of the Central Committee of the Political and Legal Affairs Commission, met with U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security Napolitano during the Fourth International Conference of Senior Representatives for Security Affairs in Vladivostok, Russia. on November 7 From November 7 to 8, the sixth round of U.S.-China legal experts exchange was held at the University of Virginia, and from November 13 to 14, the 11th meeting of the Sino-U.S. Joint Liaison Group on Law Enforcement Cooperation was held in Washington, D.C. From November 18 to 22, the fourth round of U.S.-China high-level consultations on humanities exchanges was held in Washington, D.C. President Xi Jinping and U.S. President Barack Obama sent letters of congratulations. Vice Premier Liu Yandong and Secretary of State Kerry co-chaired the plenary session of the consultation and renewed the Memorandum of Understanding on the U.S.-China High-Level Consultation Mechanism for Humanities Exchanges on behalf of the two governments. On December 1, the National Zoo in Washington, D.C., held a 100-day celebration and naming event for the cubs of the U.S.-based giant panda Mei Xiang. President Xi Jinping’s wife, Ms. Peng Liyuan, and President Obama’s wife, Ms. Michelle, sent their congratulations in a video message. Minister of Environmental Protection Zhou Shengxian and U.S. Federal Environmental Protection Agency Administrator McCarthy attended the meeting together.
From June 26 to 28, 2014, Minister of Culture Cai Wu visited Washington, D.C., and participated in the Smithsonian Institution and the China Foreign Cultural Exchange Association’s “Chinese Guest of Honor at the Smithsonian Folk Festival”. On July 9-10, the fifth round of China-US high-level consultations on humanities exchanges was held in Beijing. Vice Premier Liu Yandong and Secretary of State Kerry co-chaired the plenary session of the consultation. From September 11 to 15, Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and Minister of Science and Technology Wan Gang led a delegation to the U.S. and chaired the 15th Joint Commission on U.S.-China Science and Technology Cooperation. On October 15, the Ministry of Education and the National Basketball Association (NBA) signed a memorandum of understanding on cooperation in promoting campus basketball in Beijing, with Vice Premier Liu Yandong, Director of the State General Administration of Sports Liu Peng and NBA Chairman Xiao Hua witnessing the signing ceremony. From December 3 to 5, the 12th meeting of the Sino-US Joint Liaison Group on Law Enforcement Cooperation was held in Beijing, with Vice Foreign Minister Liu Zhenmin and Chargé d’affaires of the U.S. Embassy in Beijing Kang Da attending the opening ceremony and delivering speeches.
From April 8 to 10, 2015, U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security Johnson visited China, and from June 23 to 24, the sixth round of U.S.-China high-level consultations on humanities exchanges was held in Washington, D.C. President Xi Jinping attended the consultation plenary session and delivered a speech on behalf of Vice Premier Liu Yandong, and U.S. Executive Deputy Secretary Blinken attended the meeting. On September 9, Vice Premier Zhang Gaoli met with U.S. Presidential Adviser on Climate Change and Energy Policy Deeds, and from September 10 to 11, U.S. Health Secretary Burwell visited China. From November 23 to 25, the 13th U.S.-China Law Enforcement Joint Liaison Group Meeting was held in Washington, D.C. On December 1, the first U.S.-China Joint High-Level Dialogue on Combating Cybercrime and Related Matters was held in Washington. The dialogue was co-chaired by State Councilor and Minister of Public Security Guo Shengkun, along with U.S. Attorney General Lynch and Secretary of Homeland Security Johnson. On the same day, the second ministerial-level meeting between the Chinese Ministry of Public Security and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security was held in Washington, D.C. State Councilor and Minister of Public Security Guo Shengkun and U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security Johnson co-chaired the meeting.
On February 29, 2016, the opening ceremony of the 2016 U.S.-China Tourism Year was held in Beijing, with President Xi Jinping sending a written congratulatory message and President Obama sending a congratulatory video. On March 16, Vice Premier Zhang Gaoli met with U.S. Secretary of Energy Moniz, and on June 5, the seventh U.S.-China Innovation Dialogue was held in Beijing, and from June 6 to 7, the seventh round of U.S.-China high-level consultations on humanities exchanges was held in Beijing. On June 7, the second China-U.S. Climate Smart/Low Carbon Cities Summit was held in Beijing, and on June 14, the second China-U.S. Joint High-Level Dialogue on Cybercrime and Related Matters was held in Beijing. On November 20, the 2016 U.S.-China Tourism Year concluded in Washington, D.C., with written congratulatory messages from President Xi Jinping and President Obama. Attorney General Lynch and Secretary of Homeland Security Johnson co-chaired the third U.S.-China Joint High-Level Dialogue on Combating Cybercrime and Related Matters in Washington, D.C.
On January 9, 2017, Liu Yuejin, deputy director of the National Narcotics Control Commission and counterterrorism commissioner of the Ministry of Public Security, met with Acting Administrator of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration Richard Rochak, who was visiting China. on March 27, the “Qin and Han Civilizations” exhibition co-organized by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage and the Metropolitan Museum of Art opened at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, and Vice Premier Liu Yandong delivered a written congratulatory speech to the opening ceremony. April 6, by the State Office of Chinese Affairs and the American Council of Universities, Asia Society co-sponsored the 10th National Chinese Conference held in Houston, Texas, Vice Premier Liu Yandong sent a letter of congratulations. September 12, the 22nd International Federation of Prosecutors held in Beijing, the Supreme Prosecutor Cao Jianming met with the U.S. Department of Justice Assistant Attorney General Bruce Watts. On September 25-27, U.S. Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein came to Beijing to attend the 86th General Assembly of Interpol, and State Councilor and Public Security Minister Guo Shengkun and Supreme Prosecutor General Cao Jianming met separately. The first round of the U.S.-China Law Enforcement and Cybersecurity Dialogue was held in Washington, D.C. on October 4, 2018, and co-chaired by State Councilor and Public Security Minister Guo Shengkun and U.S. Attorney General Sessions and Acting Secretary of Homeland Security Duke.
On July 11, 2018, Xu Chaofan, a 17-year fugitive from the U.S., was forcibly repatriated to China through the full cooperation of Chinese and U.S. law enforcement and other departments.From October 30 to 31, the U.S. and Chinese ministries of education successfully held the fourth U.S.-China dialogue between provincial and state education directors in Washington, D.C. On November 12, Vice President Wang Qishan met with President Reeve of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who was visiting China.December During the meeting between President Xi Jinping and President Trump in Argentina on December 1, the two sides agreed to strengthen dialogue and cooperation in various fields, enhance education and humanities exchanges, and take positive actions to strengthen cooperation in law enforcement and drug control. The Chinese side decided to list the entire category of fentanyl-like substances and initiate the adjustment of relevant regulations.
On January 14, 2019, Liu Yuzhu, Director of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, and U.S. Ambassador Branstad signed a Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the United States of America on the Implementation of Import Restrictions on Categorized Archaeological Materials from the Paleolithic to the Late Tang Dynasty and on Monumental Sculptures and Wall Art at least 250 years old in Beijing for a period of five years.On March 1, the Return of Chinese Lost Cultural Relics and Artworks On March 20, President Xi Jinping met with President Barco of Harvard University, and the 13th U.S.-China High-Level Dialogue on Tourism was held in Seattle from September 19 to 20. State Councilor and Minister of Public Security and Director of the National Narcotics Control Commission Zhao Kezhi and Deputy Director of the National Narcotics Control Commission Liu Yuejin met with Carroll respectively. November 21, the 40th anniversary of U.S.-China study abroad was held in Washington, D.C.
On January 27, 2020, National Health Commission Director Ma Xiaowei spoke by phone with U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services Azar to exchange views on the prevention and control of the new crown pneumonia outbreak. on February 15, President Xi Jinping wrote back to students at Cascade Elementary School in Utah, encouraging them to continue their efforts to learn Chinese, understand Chinese culture and contribute to enhancing friendship between the people of China and the U.S. on February 20 President Xi Jinping wrote to Gates Foundation Co-Chairman Bill Gates to thank him and the Gates Foundation for their support of China’s efforts to prevent and control the Newcastle pneumonia epidemic and to call on the international community to strengthen coordination and work together to combat the epidemic. exchange views.
IV. U.S.-China Military Exchanges
Exchanges between the two militaries are an important part of the U.S.-China relationship. In recent years, the relationship between the two militaries has maintained a steady momentum of development, and the two sides have further deepened the construction of two major mechanisms of mutual trust between the two militaries.
On October 11, 2010, State Councilor and Defense Minister Liang Guanglie met with U.S. Secretary of Defense Gates while attending the ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting in Hanoi, Vietnam, and on December 10, the 11th U.S.-China Defense Department Defense Consultation was held in Washington, D.C.
On April 11, Director Qian Lihua of the Foreign Affairs Office of the Ministry of Defense and Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Schiffer co-chaired the seventh working meeting between the U.S. and Chinese Departments of Defense. On July 9-13, at the invitation of PLA Chief of General Staff Chen Bingde, Chairman of the U.S. Army Staff Council John Mullen visited China, and from September 8-22, at the invitation of Commander Willard of the U.S. Army Pacific Headquarters, Commander Fan Changlong of the Jinan Military Region visited the U.S. On December 7, the 12th U.S.-China Defense Department Defense Consultation was held in Beijing.
On February 14, 2012, Vice President Xi Jinping met with Secretary of Defense Panetta and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Dempsey during his visit to the U.S. From May 4 to 10, Liang Guanglie, member of the Central Military Commission, State Councillor and Minister of Defense, visited the U.S. From June 25 to 29, Commander of the U.S. Army Pacific Headquarters Locklear visited China at the invitation of Commander Xu Fanlin of the Guangzhou Military Region. From September 17 to 20, U.S. Secretary of Defense Panetta visited China. On December 2-9, Navy Vice Admiral Zhang Yongyi visited the U.S. On December 12, PLA Deputy Chief of General Staff Qi Jianguo and U.S. Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Miller co-chaired the 13th U.S.-China Defense Department Defense Consultation in Washington, D.C. The meeting was held in Washington, D.C., at the invitation of Central Military Commission member and Navy Commander Wu Shengli.
From April 21 to 25, 2013, U.S. Army Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Dempsey visited China, and from May 26 to June 1, U.S. Navy Pacific Fleet Commander Blackney visited China. From September 8 to 13, at the invitation of U.S. Secretary of Naval Operations Greenert, Wu Shengli, a member of the Central Military Commission and Commander of the Navy, visited the U.S. On September 9, PLA Deputy Chief of General Staff Wang Guanzhong and U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense Miller co-chaired the 14th U.S.-China Defense Department Defense Consultation in Beijing. From Nov. 10 to 15, the ninth Sino-U.S. military humanitarian relief and disaster mitigation seminar and the first joint exercise were conducted at the Bellows Barracks Training Base on Oahu, Hawaii.
From February 20-22, 2014, U.S. Army Chief of Staff Odierno visited China, and from April 7-10, at the invitation of State Councilor and Defense Minister Chang Wanquan, U.S. Defense Secretary Hagel visited China. On Oct. 16, PLA Deputy Chief of General Staff Wang Guanzhong co-chaired the 15th U.S.-China Defense Department Defense Consultation with Deputy Secretary of Defense Worms in Washington, D.C. From Nov. 4 to 7, PLA Deputy Chief of General Staff Sun Jianguo visited the U.S. at the invitation of the U.S. Department of Defense.
From January 17 to 18, 2015, the Chinese and U.S. militaries held the second joint practical exercise and 10th seminar and exchange on humanitarian relief and disaster reduction between the two militaries in Guangdong and Hainan. from January 25 to 28, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense Vickers visited China. from June 8 to 13, at the invitation of U.S. Secretary of Defense Carter, Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission Fan Changlong visited the U.S. on October 29, Member of the Central Military Commission and On November 2-4, Commander Harris of the U.S. Army Pacific Headquarters visited China, and on November 19-21, the U.S. and Chinese navies held the third joint humanitarian relief and disaster mitigation exercise and the eleventh seminar and exchange in Seattle.
On Jan. 20, 2016, Wu Shengli, a member of the Central Military Commission and commander of the Navy, had a video call with U.S. Secretary of Naval Operations John Richardson. On May 12, the Chief of Staff of the Joint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission was invited to have a video call with U.S. Army Chairman Dunford. From July 18 to 21, U.S. Navy Secretary of Naval Operations Richardson visited China, and Navy Commander Wu Shengli and North Sea Fleet Commander Yuan Yubai met separately. “From August 15 to 17, U.S. Army Chief of Staff Mark Millet visited China, and Army Commander Li Zuocheng met with him.
On May 4, 2017, Hu Changming, director of the International Military Cooperation Office of the Central Military Commission, met with a delegation of the U.S. National Defense University’s general officers class led by Admiral Johnson in Beijing. On July 20, Navy Commander Shen Jinlong had a video call with U.S. Secretary of Naval Operations John Richardson, and from August 14 to 17, U.S. Navy Senate President Dunford visited China. From Nov. 29 to 30, the first meeting of the U.S.-China Joint Staff Dialogue Mechanism was held in Washington, D.C.
From June 26 to 28, 2018, U.S. Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis visited China; President Xi Jinping met with him; Xu Qiliang, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission; Yang Jiechi, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Director of the Office of the Central Foreign Affairs Working Committee; and State Councillor and Defense Minister Wei Fenghe met and hosted a banquet.On October 18, State Councillor and Defense Minister Wei Fenghe was invited to meet with U.S. Defense Secretary Mattis in From November 8 to 12, State Councilor and Defense Minister Wei Fenghe was invited to visit the United States and participate in the second round of the U.S.-China Diplomatic Security Dialogue. U.S. Secretary of Naval Operations Richardson for a video call.
From January 13 to 16, 2019, U.S. Secretary of Naval Operations Admiral Richardson visited China by invitation. On May 21, Director of the Office of International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission C Guowei held the third China-U.S. Department of Defense Asia-Pacific Security Dialogue with Assistant Secretary of Defense Ralph Sit in Washington, D.C. On May 31, State Councilor and Defense Minister Wei Fenghe met with the then Acting Secretary of Defense during the 18th Shangri-La Dialogue in Singapore. On November 5, State Councilor and Defense Minister Wei Fenghe spoke with U.S. Secretary of Defense Esper, and on November 18, State Councilor and Defense Minister Wei Fenghe met with U.S. Secretary of Defense Esper during the ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting in Bangkok, Thailand. From November 14 to 24, a joint humanitarian relief and disaster mitigation exercise between the U.S. and Chinese militaries was held in the U.S. state of Hawaii.
On March 3, 2020, State Councilor and Defense Minister Wei Fenghe speaks by telephone with U.S. Secretary of Defense Esper.
State Councilor and Defense Minister Wei Fenghe speaks by telephone with U.S. Secretary of Defense Esper on Aug. 6, 2020.
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