Chinese Communist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping has recently been discussing grand strategies for China’s way forward. While Xi Jinping Thought has Xi’s name attached, it is a corporate enterprise refined over the years through a process of constant development, revision and clarification. For example, Rule by Document is part of the Chinese political and economic system at Central Party School Professor Zhang Xuebo explained in 2017 Zhang Xuebo: Observations on the History of Rule by Document 1982-2017 . Xi Jinping referred to updating process in a recent overview article 2017-2024: Xi Jinping on High-Quality Development for China

“What are new quality productive forces, and how to develop them? I have been contemplating this and have noticed some research results from the academic community. In summary, new quality productive forces are advanced productive forces characterized by high technology, high efficiency, and high quality, driven by innovation, breaking away from traditional economic growth models and productive force development paths, and conforming to new development concepts. They are generated by revolutionary technological breakthroughs, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep industrial transformation and upgrading, with the core content being the significant improvement of total factor productivity. “

Over the past several years, Xi Jinping has been using expression like “new quality productivity” and “high quality development” is discussions of grand economic strategy.

The Chinese Communist Party, as an avatar of scientific socialism, has seen always seen science as an engine for development. During Mao’s time the social sciences were largely discarded since the scientific correctness of Marxism-Leninism Mao Zedong Thought made the western-developed social sciences both superfluous and suspect. Even genetics was denounced for its supposed ideological shortcomings. Scientism, calling on science to bolster views outside a science’s scope of applicability, has been common as discussed in D. W. Y. Kwok: Scientism in Chinese thought, 1900–1950. During the Cultural Revolution, PRC scientific and medical journals were full of boldface citations from scientists grateful at how Mao had inspired their work on meteorology or surgery as I noticed on day looking through Chinese scientific journals as a college student studying Chinese in the mid 1970s.

After Mao came the Four Modernizations and Deng’s famous quote “Science is the first productive force.” During the 1980s several scientific funding programs started typically name for the month and year in which they began such as the 863 Program that began in March 1986. In 1995, a national conference on eliminating institutional roadblocks that hindered communication among university, government and private company researchers “Science and Education for a Prosperous China” . That reports was summary translated and analyzed on the old US Embassy Beijing website (a bit further down the URL link’s page) still available on the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine.

Over the past forty years, much has changed and much has remained the same! Themes below include learning from foreign researchers, maintaining our Chinese ideological integrity, and the importance of intellectual property protection (IPR) for China’s own IPR industries, reform efforts.

Several June 2024 reports from Nature on Chinese science:

China seeks global impact and recognition

The country’s lead in high-quality research looks set to shape the direction of world science.

China’s big-science bet

With a view to increase its prestige and influence in global science, the country is investing heavily in major facilities.

Chinese science still has room to grow

Strengths in chemistry and the physical sciences have propelled the country to the top of the Nature Index. But there is untapped potential in other subject areas.

Xinhua Press Agency report translated below

A group of journalists from Xinhua, the Party’s official press agency, spent nine months compiling this report, immersing themselves in both Xi Jinping Thought in his numerous books and in Chinese S&T achievements.

The project was initiated in September 2023 and took 9 months of study, research, writing, revision, and proofreading. The entire project team carefully studied General Secretary Xi Jinping’s series of important discussions on new quality productivity, extensively interviewed authoritative departments and institutions, experts and scholars, business people, and scientific researchers, combed the theoretical context and practical path of new quality productivity, dug into typical cases and vivid stories, and meticulously researched and wrote, going through multiple versions of revisions, and soliciting opinions from authoritative departments and relevant experts and scholars, ultimately forming this report.

Larry Catá Backer’s The Law at the End of the Day Blog has an analysis and translation of Shaping Algorithmic Governance in an Era of “High Quality Development”: 孙凝晖《人工智能与智能计算的发展》Sun Ninghui; “The Development of Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Computing” (special lecture of the 14th National People’s Congress Standing Committee. May 2024) beginning with…

1. The economic-policy role of AI and related tech ought not to be underestimated in the Chinese policy universe. “General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that the new generation of artificial intelligence should be used as a driving force to promote the leapfrog development of science and technology, the optimization and upgrading of industries, and the overall leap of productivity, and strive to achieve high-quality development.” [ 习近平总书记指出，把新一代人工智能作为推动科技跨越发展、产业优化升级、生产力整体跃升的驱动力量，努力实现高质量发展。 ] (《人工智能与智能计算的发展》). It is a centerpiece of the vanguard’s evolution of the concept and application of “high quality development” of productive forces and thus of the New Era forms of Socialist modernization. It also has a double use–its internal success will produce external benefits–both along the Chinese Belt & Road, and in its engagement with its primary “big country” rival–the United Stated. It is the form of development, then, that becomes key to the evolution of internal and external policies.

The article below discusses how Xi Jinping made a theoretical contribution to Marxist theory on productivity, PRC central and local government initiatives guided by this new thinking to support plans for the future as well as recent PRC achievements in science and technology.

Full Text | Empowering China and Benefiting the World Better – The Theoretical Contributions and Practical Value of New Quality Productivity

更好赋能中国繁荣世界——新质生产力的理论贡献和实践价值

Contents

Chapter 1: The Innovative Development of Marxist Productivity Theory

1.1 The Theoretical Contributions of New Quality Productivity

1.2 Relationships to Grasp in Understanding New Quality Productivity

1.3 The Contemporary Significance of Developing New Quality Productivity

Chapter 2: Developing New Quality Productivity with Technological Innovation at Its Core

2.1 Strengthening Technological Innovation, Especially Original and Disruptive Technological Innovations

2.2 Leading Industrial Innovation with Technological Innovation

2.3 Developing New Quality Productivity Based on Local Conditions

Chapter 3: Shaping New Production Relations Adapted to New Quality Productivity

3.1 Further Deepening Reforms to Promote Efficient Coordination of New Quality Productivity Elements

3.2 Maintaining High-Level Openness and Creating a World-Class Business Environment

Chapter 4: The Global Significance of New Quality Productivity

4.1 Injecting New Momentum into Global Economic Recovery and Sharing Development Opportunities

4.2 Exploring New Production Relations and Expanding New Practices in Economic Governance

4.3 Empowering Chinese Modernization and Pioneering New Forms of Human Civilization

Chapter 5: Exploration and Practice of Developing New Quality Productivity in Various Regions

5.1 Harvesting the “Crown Jewel” of the Shipbuilding Industry

5.2 Anhui Builds a Quantum Innovation High Ground

5.3 Hangzhou’s Western Science and Innovation Corridor Cultivates a New Growth Engine

5.4 Beijing’s “Star Valley” Helps Realize the Aerospace Power Dream

5.5 China’s “Optics Valley” Stands Out in the Field of Optoelectronic Information Industry

5.6 China’s Western Science and Innovation Harbor Creates a “University without Walls”

5.7 Shandong Accelerates Digital and Real Economy Integration, Promoting Industry Digitization

5.8 Chongqing’s Practices in the New Energy Vehicle Industry

5.9 Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Builds an Active Technology Cluster

5.10 Chengdu-Chongqing Jointly Build Western Science City to Form an Innovation High Ground

Conclusion

Glossary

References

Compilation Notes

In 2023, during an inspection tour, General Secretary Xi Jinping first proposed the significant concept of “new quality productivity.” Subsequently, at the Central Economic Work Conference, the Politburo group study sessions, the National People’s Congress and the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, and during local inspections, General Secretary Xi Jinping systematically elaborated and made significant deployments regarding new quality productivity, profoundly addressing major questions about what new quality productivity is, why it needs to be developed, and how to develop it.

General Secretary Xi Jinping’s series of important discourses on developing new quality productivity is an innovation and development of Marxist productivity theory, further enriching Xi Jinping’s economic thought. It provides fundamental principles and action guides for further liberating and developing productive forces, achieving high-quality development, and advancing and expanding Chinese-style modernization in the new era and new journey, injecting new wisdom and impetus into the prosperity and development of China and the world.**

Chapter 1: The Innovative Development of Marxist Productivity Theory

1.1 The Theoretical Contributions of New Quality Productivity

1.1.1 The Basic Connotation of New Quality Productivity

On January 31, 2024, at the Politburo group study session on solidly promoting high-quality development, General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered an important speech, deeply explaining the new concept of new quality productivity:

“In summary, new quality productivity is innovation-led productivity that breaks away from traditional economic growth methods and development paths, characterized by high technology, high efficiency, and high quality, embodying an advanced productive force state that aligns with new development concepts. It is generated through revolutionary technological breakthroughs, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep industrial transformation and upgrading, with the core elements being the substantial improvement of total factor productivity, characterized by innovation, high quality, and advanced productive forces.”

High-quality development is the fundamental principle of the new era. Since China entered the new era, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) has made a series of major decisions and deployments, promoting high-quality development to become a consensus and conscious action of the entire Party and society, and the main theme of economic and social development. In recent years, achievements in technological innovation have been fruitful, the effectiveness of innovation-driven development has become increasingly evident; urban and rural regional development has become more coordinated and balanced; comprehensive deepening of reforms has unleashed development momentum and vitality; the green and low-carbon transition has made significant progress, and the pace of changing development methods has accelerated, resulting in significant achievements in high-quality development. At the same time, there are still many factors restricting high-quality development that must be highly regarded and effectively addressed.

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that high-quality development requires new productivity theories to guide it, and new quality productivity has already formed in practice and shown strong driving and supporting power for high-quality development, requiring us to summarize and generalize it theoretically to guide new development practices. [2]

New quality productivity is innovation-driven productivity. Innovation, especially original and disruptive technological innovation, plays a key role in developing new quality productivity. Reviewing past industrial revolutions, new scientific theories formed the basis, leading to new production tools, significant adjustments in economic structures and development methods, and important transformations in social production and living methods. Revolutionary technological breakthroughs will drive the improvement of laborers, means of labor, objects of labor, and their optimized combinations, leading to a substantial leap in productivity.

New quality productivity is productivity that transforms growth methods. Economic growth driven by traditional productivity generally relies on the horizontal, replicative expansion of extensive inputs of means of labor, objects of labor, and laborers, heavily dependent on factor inputs. New quality productivity aims to improve the quality and efficiency of laborers, improve production methods and tools, establish a new “production function,” and change the corresponding relationship between “input variables” and “output variables,” leading to a substantial improvement in total factor productivity.

New quality productivity is productivity applied to industries. New quality productivity meets and creates new demands through high-quality supply, leading to new products, services, and industries, transforming industrial structures. From the perspective of industrial development, applying technological innovation results to specific industries and industrial chains can transform and upgrade traditional industries, cultivate and expand emerging industries, and foster the construction of future industries, promoting continuous industrial iteration and upgrading.

New quality productivity is productivity that achieves green development. New quality productivity detaches from traditional economic growth methods that overly depend on conventional resources and energy, representing an advanced productive force state that embodies the concept of green development. It is inherently green productivity and an environmentally friendly, sustainable development productivity. Developing new quality productivity means accelerating the green transformation of development methods, pursuing an ecology-first and green development path.

1.1.2 The Innovation and Development of Marxist Productivity Theory

Productivity is the capacity of people to transform and utilize nature, the most active and revolutionary factor driving social progress.

Before the emergence of Marxist productivity theory, Western economists like Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Friedrich List had already studied and discussed productivity.

Marx and Engels systematically analyzed and profoundly explained productivity. Marx pointed out in “Capital,” “Productivity, i.e., the development of productive capacity and its factors,”[3 ] “Labor productivity is determined by various circumstances, including the average skill level of workers, the development level of science and its application to technology, the social combination of production processes, the scale and efficiency of production materials, and natural conditions.” [ 4] Engels believed that the essence of productivity is the capacity formed by the combination of labor-capable people and production materials to transform nature.[5 ] In the “Communist Manifesto,” Marx and Engels stated that after the proletariat seizes power, it must “increase the total amount of productive forces as quickly as possible.” [6 ]

The theory of productivity is a classic Marxist theory. The CPC has always adhered to applying and continuously developing Marxist productivity theory based on its practice. Comrade Mao Zedong clearly stated, “The purpose of socialist revolution is to liberate productive forces.” [ 7] Comrade Deng Xiaoping proposed, “There are many tasks for socialism, but the fundamental one is to develop productive forces.”[8 ]

Since the 18th CPC National Congress, General Secretary Xi Jinping has attached great importance to the role of productivity, making a series of important discourses, emphasizing, “To comprehensively build a moderately prosperous society, achieve socialist modernization, and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, the most fundamental and urgent task is to further liberate and develop social productive forces,”[9 ] “We must adhere to the concept that science and technology are the primary productive forces, talent is the primary resource, and innovation is the primary driving force, deeply implementing the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, the strategy of strengthening the country with talent, and the innovation-driven development strategy, opening up new fields and new tracks for development, and continuously shaping new driving forces and new advantages for development,” [10 ] “To adhere to and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics, we must continuously adapt the relations of production to the development of productive forces.”[ 11]

Facing a rapidly changing world and China, sticking to old practices and rigid thinking without the courage for theoretical innovation cannot scientifically answer the questions of China, the world, the people, and the times. General Secretary Xi Jinping, coordinating the overall strategy of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the unprecedented changes in the world in a century, accurately observed and grasped the trends in world science and technology and economic development, and creatively proposed the significant theory of developing new quality productivity. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “Developing new quality productivity is an inherent requirement and important focus for promoting high-quality development. We must continue to do a good job in innovation and accelerate the development of new quality productivity.” [12 ] General Secretary Xi Jinping’s series of important discourses systematically elucidate the rich connotations, core essentials, practical paths, and scientific methods of new quality productivity, profoundly addressing major theoretical and practical questions of what new quality productivity is, why it needs to be developed, and how to develop it, enriching and developing Marxist productivity theory, marking a new level of the CPC’s understanding of the laws of productivity development.

1.1.3 Further Enriching Xi Jinping Economic Thought

Marx pointed out, “The realization of theory in a country always depends on the extent to which the theory meets the needs of that country.” [13]

Xi Jinping Economic Thought is rooted in the spatial and temporal coordinates of China’s development, continuously enriched and developed in the great practice of Chinese modernization, pointing the right direction for China’s high-quality economic development, providing fundamental principles. General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on new quality productivity are the latest achievements of Xi Jinping Economic Thought, significantly relevant and historically significant for promoting high-quality development and advancing Chinese modernization in the new era and new journey.

Since the 18th CPC National Congress, General Secretary Xi Jinping has proposed a series of new concepts, new ideas, and new strategies around China’s economic development, inherently unified in logical consistency. The “new normal of economic development” forms the basic context of China’s economic development, “high-quality development” sets the grand logic for shaping China’s future development, “new development stage,” “new development concept,” and “new development pattern” clarify China’s historical position, guiding principles for modernization, and the path choices for economic modernization. “New quality productivity” reveals the evolution of productivity, embodies the direction of productivity upgrading, and aims to unleash new driving forces for high-quality development.

Currently, global technological innovation is entering an unprecedentedly intense and active period. General Secretary Xi Jinping has always grasped the major trends in productivity development, guiding China to seize the opportunities of a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, continuously promoting the transformation of production relations to adapt to the development requirements of productivity, ensuring that the great ship of China’s economy continues to ride the waves and move forward.

The proposal of new quality productivity theory provides the foundational logic for Xi Jinping Economic Thought. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes, “Innovation is the primary driving force leading development,” clearly stating that the “bull nose” of economic and social development is innovation. In terms of “deepening supply-side structural reform,” the core goal of current reform is to achieve industrial innovation driven by technological innovation. By continuously increasing the technological content of products and services through technological innovation, we can better meet people’s material and psychological needs, allowing supply and demand to reach a new higher level of matching. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes promoting “high-quality development,” clearly defining the construction of a “modern economic system,” and proposing accelerating the construction of a “modern industrial system.” Innovation-driven development relies on new quality productivity to lead, the fundamental characteristic of a modern industrial system lies in forming new quality productivity, and the core competitiveness of a modern economic system is reflected in developing new quality productivity. In summary, the proposal of new quality productivity provides the foundational logic for these important concepts, innovatively leading development and empowering development with advanced productive forces, marking the further enrichment and development of Xi Jinping Economic Thought, further answering a series of major questions about economic construction in the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics, with rich theoretical connotations and significant practical value, continuously expanding the new realms of Marxist political economy.

Developing new quality productivity is rooted in the vivid practice of Chinese modernization and socialist economic construction, reflecting the great advantages and vitality of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics. It concretely embodies the fundamental task of socialism in the new era and new journey, being the inevitable choice for promoting high-quality development with more advanced productive forces. This also means that China will be more determined to follow the path of innovation-driven development, build new competitive advantages, and seize the initiative in development.

1.2 Relationships to Grasp in Understanding New Quality Productivity

1.2.1 Productivity and Production Relations

Marxist political economy posits that when productivity develops to a certain stage, it conflicts with existing production relations. When the current production relations become constraints on the development of productivity, the transformation of production relations becomes inevitable, which in turn promotes the development of productivity.

In his important speech at the commemorative meeting of the 200th anniversary of Marx’s birth, General Secretary Xi Jinping stated, “To learn Marx, we must learn and practice Marxist ideas on productivity and production relations,” “We must boldly deepen comprehensive reforms, consciously stimulate the development vitality of social productivity through the adjustment of production relations, consciously adapt the superstructure to the development requirements of the economic base, and make socialism with Chinese characteristics advance more in line with laws.” [14 ]

Since the 18th CPC National Congress, China has carried out a series of explorations and practices in the aspects of ownership of means of production, income distribution system, and the socialist market economy system, expanding Marxist political economy theory on production relations and strongly promoting productivity development.

Developing new quality productivity similarly requires the construction of new production relations adapted to it. This is an urgent proposition for promoting high-quality development in the new era, necessitating continuous deepening of reforms in economic systems, science and technology systems, and other areas, focusing on addressing the blockages and bottlenecks that constrain the development of new quality productivity, ensuring the smooth flow and efficient allocation of all kinds of advanced quality productive factors towards the development of new quality productivity.

1.2.2 Supply and Demand

New quality productivity aims to balance supply and demand. Supply and demand are two sides of economic development, with their balance being relative and imbalance being absolute. Meeting the people’s growing needs for a better life with quality supply is an inherent part of developing new quality productivity.

The report of the 20th CPC National Congress proposed, “To organically combine the implementation of the strategy of expanding domestic demand with the deepening of supply-side structural reform.” [15 ] New quality productivity forms new products, services, and industries that continuously meet the people’s growing needs for a better life, actively creating, stimulating, and satisfying new demands. Meanwhile, productivity cannot exist independently of demand; the supply of products or services by enterprises must be converted into consumption through exchange to be meaningful. Developing new quality productivity must be guided by the needs of comprehensive human development, fully leveraging the demand’s traction function on productivity development.

In the current and upcoming periods, factors restricting China’s economic development exist on both the supply and demand sides, but the main aspect of the contradiction lies on the supply side. Developing new quality productivity means leveraging the first driving force of innovation, focusing on breaking supply constraints and blockages, and meeting and creating demand with high-quality and effective supply. In the process of continuously expanding domestic demand and meeting the people’s needs for a better life, we must promote continuous upgrading and innovation on the supply side, driving the continuous emergence of new industries, new technologies, new products, and new business forms, forming a higher-level dynamic balance where demand drives supply and supply creates demand.

1.2.3 Inheritance and Innovation

Marxism holds that everything in the world is in motion and ever-changing. Likewise labor productivity is constantly changing. New quality productivity is not fixed but is dynamically generated and constantly developing.

As the saying goes, “If you can improve yourself in a day, do so; if you can improve day by day, keep improving.” Continuous progress in science and technology will drive the sequential emergence of new states of productivity and industrial patterns. To master the initiative in developing new quality productivity, it is necessary to closely follow the frontiers of technology, grasp the trends of technological development, and promote the emergence of original and disruptive technological innovations, continuously forming new momentum for developing new quality productivity.

Developing new quality productivity must adhere to practical realities, focusing on establishment before disruption and adapting measures to local conditions. In terms of technological innovation, it should be guided by forming realistic productivity, avoiding impractical approaches or blindly imitating others. In industrial development, it is necessary to prevent herd behavior and bubbles, as well as the abandonment of valuable traditional methods. General Secretary Xi Jinping vividly compared this to “not throwing away the tools that provide sustenance before having new ones in hand.” While actively cultivating strategic emerging industries and developing future industries, traditional industries should not be neglected or abandoned. It is essential to organically integrate the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, the cultivation and expansion of emerging industries, and the layout of future industries, promoting them scientifically and in a coordinated manner. Currently, it is necessary to support the development of strategic emerging industries and future industries while using new technologies to transform and upgrade traditional industries, moving towards high-end, intelligent, and green development.

1.2.4 Material and Civilization

The leap in social economic forms and civilization is marked by productivity and production tools. Looking at human history, from the Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age to the Steel Age, and from the Steam Age, Electrical Age to the Information Age, these stages reflect both the changes in tools and the cultural development and progress of civilization brought by productivity advancements.

The cultivation and generation of new quality productivity is an important force and symbol of cultural development and civilization progress. Culture is the active part of civilization, and civilization is the sedimented culture. The essence of civilization is a progressive state, and mastering new technological means is necessary to promote continuous civilization development. Currently, the world is in a new stage led by informatization, reconstructing national core competitiveness based on informatization. Those who can better understand and grasp this trend, better adapt to and lead the development direction of new productivity, and promote the transformation of production relations and superstructures will be able to comprehensively enhance their national power. New quality productivity was proposed in the era of the ever-evolving mobile internet, big data, and artificial intelligence. It is important to see the unlimited possibilities of disruptive innovation and its applications, and to think about the development of civilization and the progress of the times from this perspective.

1.3 The Contemporary Significance of Developing New Quality Productivity

1.3.1 Practical Requirements for National Construction and National Rejuvenation

Developing new quality productivity is an inevitable choice to advance Chinese modernization and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. It is an inherent requirement and an important focus for promoting high-quality development and meeting the people’s aspirations for a better life.

Currently, the world is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century. How can we respond to these changes, create opportunities, and open up new prospects while firmly grasping development and historical initiatives? Developing new quality productivity is a necessity of the times, an urgent need for development, and an inevitable trend.

After 75 years since the founding of New China, especially over 40 years of reform and opening up, China’s economic aggregate has consistently ranked second in the world. However, there is still a significant gap between China’s technological innovation and industrial core competitiveness compared to advanced global levels. To basically achieve socialist modernization by 2035 and build China into a prosperous, democratic, civilized, harmonious, and beautiful socialist modern power by the middle of this century, it is objectively required to promote quality change, efficiency change, and power change in economic development, improve total factor productivity, and accelerate the formation of new quality productivity.

China has completed the industrialization process in decades that took several centuries in Western developed countries, building the world’s most complete and largest industrial system and entering the ranks of innovative countries, laying a solid foundation for developing new quality productivity. On the new journey, by grasping the crucial point of innovation, cultivating a “deep green color” for development, being a prime mover in promoting reforms, and creating a “strong talent engine”, China will continuously open up new pathways, build new momentum, create new comparative advantages, and expand new spaces, promoting high-quality development to reach new heights.

1.3.2 The Call of the Times for Global Sustainable Development

Currently, the global economy is still struggling to recover and has yet to find effective new growth momentum. According to the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) April 2024 forecast, the global economic growth rate for 2024 is 3.2%, up 0.3 percentage points from the October 2023 forecast but still well below the historical average of 3.8% (2000-2019).

For many years, China has been a source of global growth, contributing about 30% annually to global economic growth. Accelerating the formation of new quality productivity supported by technological innovation in China will inject strong momentum into global economic development.

China’s development of new quality productivity will strongly boost global technological change. In 2023, China’s annual expenditure on research and experimental development reached 3.3 trillion yuan, an increase of 8.1% [16] over the previous year, making China the second-largest spender on R&D globally. By the end of 2023, China had 4.015 million domestic invention patents (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan), an increase of 22.4% year-on-year, making it the first country with more than 4 million effective domestic invention patents. China has become a genuine intellectual property powerhouse, continuously contributing significantly to global innovation and development.

The global expansion of China’s new quality productivity will promote global economic development. China’s 5G technology supports communication and mobile internet in many countries. China’s production of desktop computers, laptops, and mobile phones has long maintained the world’s leading position. New models are also going global, with Chinese software such as Temu becoming the fastest-growing shopping applications in global markets, allowing more people to enjoy high-quality and cost-effective products and services provided by Chinese companies.

China is providing important support for global green and low-carbon development. China has established efficient production and manufacturing systems for solar equipment, electric vehicles, and other green products, effectively reducing the cost of global green and low-carbon transition. In 2023, exports of new products represented by new energy vehicles, lithium-ion batteries, and solar cells exceeded 1 trillion yuan for the first time, growing by 29.9% year-on-year, against the backdrop of a sluggish global trade.

China adheres to the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind, continuously expanding high-level opening-up, promoting high-quality development of the Belt and Road Initiative, providing more opportunities for other countries to participate in emerging industries, and sharing the dividends of new quality productivity development. This will play an important role in advancing international economic cooperation and promoting regional sustainable development.

Chapter 2: Developing New Quality Productivity with Technological Innovation as the Core Element

“Technological innovation can foster new industries, new models, and new momentum. It is the core element of developing new quality productivity.” [17] — Xi Jinping

2.1 Strengthening Technological Innovation, Especially Original and Disruptive Technological Innovations

Technological innovation is an important force driving productivity development. From “productivity includes science” [18] to “science and technology are the primary productive forces” [19] to “technological innovation is the core element of developing new quality productivity,”[20] Marxists’ understanding of the core and critical role of science and technology in productivity development has continuously evolved through theoretical and practical exploration.

The transformation of technological achievements into real productivity manifests as the birth of new industries and the deep transformation and upgrading of existing industries. Currently, technological innovation empowers economic and social development with its pervasive penetration, diffusion, and driving force. China has unique advantages in developing new quality productivity. In recent years, China’s overall strength in technological innovation has steadily improved, with increasing capabilities in basic research. In 2023, the proportion of basic research funding in total R&D expenditure increased to 6.65%. The number of high-end talents has gradually increased, the domestic market is vast, application scenarios are rich, and the industrial chain structure is comprehensive and long. China’s manufacturing scale has ranked first globally for fourteen consecutive years.

The proposal of new quality productivity means that China will push technological innovation with greater determination and effort, accelerating the achievement of high-level technological self-reliance, tackling key and core technologies, and producing more original and disruptive technological innovation results, injecting new momentum into economic and social development.

2.1.1 Firmly Grasping Key and Core Technologies

Key and core technologies hold a central position in the industrial technology ecosystem. They are crucial for enhancing the leading role of technological innovation and ensuring high-level technological self-reliance.

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, “Key and core technologies cannot be obtained, bought, or begged.” [21] Only by accelerating breakthroughs in key and core technologies can we firmly grasp the initiative in innovation and development.

To tackle key and core technologies, it is necessary to focus on overcoming major difficulties. We must start from urgent national needs and long-term demands, making full efforts in fields such as basic raw materials, high-end chips, and industrial software. We should use breakthroughs in key common technologies, cutting-edge leading technologies, modern engineering technologies, and disruptive technologies as entry points, strategically deploying a series of strategic and reserve technology research projects and implementing national major scientific plans and scientific projects. We must optimize fiscal science and technology investment, guide enterprises and society to increase R&D investment, strengthen intellectual property protection, improve tax policies that promote enterprise technological innovation, increase support from the capital market for technology-based enterprises, actively develop venture capital, and expand patient capital.

To tackle key and core technologies, we need to leverage the significant advantage of the socialist system that allows for concentrated efforts on major tasks, strengthening the leadership of the party and state over major technological innovations, and improving the new national system. Centering around national strategic needs, we should improve top-level design, scientifically allocate innovation resources, and optimize the positioning and layout of national scientific research institutions, high-level research universities, and leading technology enterprises, uniting the efforts of government, market, and society to form a powerful synergy for scientific and technological breakthroughs.

2.1.2 Persistently Strengthening Basic Research

Basic research is at the starting end of the research-to-application-to-production scientific chain. A solid foundation is necessary for building a tall scientific enterprise. Currently, the paradigm of scientific research is undergoing profound changes, and the global cycle of basic research to application is significantly shortening, urgently requiring strengthened basic research to solve key technological problems from the source and bottom level.

On February 21, 2023, the Central Political Bureau of the CPC conducted a collective study on strengthening basic research. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that strengthening basic research is an urgent requirement for achieving high-level technological self-reliance and an inevitable path for building a world-leading technological power. [22]

In recent years, China’s original innovation capacity from “0 to 1” has continuously improved, achieving a series of internationally influential major original results: building major national instruments such as “China Sky Eye” “中国天眼” FAST, the Steady High Magnetic Field Facility SHMFF, and the China Spallation Neutron Source, and making breakthroughs in quantum computing, artificial starch synthesis, and nano-confined catalysis.

Basic research is the source of technological self-reliance. Only through basic research can we turn uncertainties into certainties and the unknown into the known. The world has entered the era of big science, where the organizational level of basic research is increasingly high, and institutional guarantees and policy guidance have an increasing impact on the output of basic research.

On one hand, we need to optimize the layout of basic disciplines, supporting the development of key disciplines, emerging disciplines, unpopular disciplines, and weak disciplines, using a high-quality disciplinary system to support basic research and original innovation. On the other hand, we need to increase diversified investment in basic research, meeting the needs of different types of basic research, and providing financial support for the continuous emergence of major original results in frontier directions.

For major scientific issues and strategic needs, we must systematically plan and forward-deploy, coordinating strategic-oriented systematic basic research, frontier-oriented exploratory basic research, and market-oriented applied basic research, aiming to occupy the high ground of frontier technology with institutional and mechanism innovation as the guarantee, strengthening the whole-chain design and integrated deployment from basic research, key technologies, equipment development to result transformation.

2.1.3 Strengthening the Role of Enterprises in Innovation

Enterprises are the main organizers and participants of technological innovation activities and are important supporters of developing new quality productivity. Strengthening the role of enterprises in technological innovation is key to achieving high-level technological self-reliance.

As of the end of 2023, there were 427,000 enterprises in China with effective invention patents, an increase of 72,000 from the previous year. Enterprises held 2.909 million effective invention patents, accounting for 71.2%, surpassing 70% for the first time. The proportion of enterprise R&D investment in total social R&D investment has exceeded 75% for several years. The role of enterprises as innovation leaders has become more prominent.

In the context of accelerating the development of new quality productivity, China has taken multiple measures to further strengthen the role of enterprises in technological innovation:

Strengthening the leading role of enterprises in technological innovation decisions, supporting enterprises’ broader and deeper participation in national technological innovation decisions; enhancing enterprises’ leading role in R&D investment, increasing the implementation of policies such as additional deductions for R&D expenses, and connecting technology, industry, and finance chains; reinforcing enterprises’ leading role in scientific research organizations, allowing enterprises to take the lead in major projects and key engineering technology research projects.

The key to bridging the “last mile” of technological achievements transformation lies in enterprises. China will continue to improve laws and regulations on the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, remove policy obstacles related to the use, disposal, and income rights of scientific and technological achievements; improve the docking and industrialization mechanisms of industry-academia-research results, support enterprises in building intermediate test platforms, and enhance the capacity of enterprises to transform scientific and technological achievements; leverage the guiding role of leading enterprises and the supporting role of small and medium-sized enterprises, promoting upstream and downstream linkage and integrated development of the entire industrial chain, forming a complete industrial ecosystem.

Developing new quality productivity requires a large number of high-quality, interdisciplinary technology entrepreneurs. They must not only possess innovative spirit but also scientific literacy, be able to recognize the importance of new scientific discoveries, and have the ability to coordinate various elements of production around innovation and coordinate all parties in industry-academia-research collaboration. China is creating a favorable environment to let entrepreneurs proficient in technological innovation, business models, and management methods stand out.

2.2 Leading Industrial Innovation with Technological Innovation

Throughout modern human history, each leap in productivity has been accompanied by technological and industrial revolutions. However, technological revolutions can only lead to industrial transformations under suitable economic conditions and social systems.

Currently, a new wave of technological advancements focused on artificial intelligence, clean energy, and biotechnology is emerging, with countries accelerating the implementation of national strategies to drive new industrial revolutions, such as the United States’ “Advanced Manufacturing Partnership,” Germany’s “Industry 4.0,” Japan’s “Revitalization Strategy,” France’s “New Industrial France,” and the United Kingdom’s “High-Value Manufacturing Strategy.“

In the process of Chinese modernization, building a modern industrial system has become an inevitable requirement for accelerating the cultivation of new quality productivity.

2.2.1 Transforming and Upgrading Traditional Industries

China’s industrial system is relatively complete and holds a pivotal position in the global division of labor and industrial supply chain systems. Some industries are world leaders. Their advantages must be consolidated and leveraged effectively.

Traditional manufacturing is an essential foundation for supporting national economic development and meeting people’s needs. Injecting “new” and “quality” into traditional industries means accelerating structural system upgrades, technological path innovation, and development model optimization in the directions of high-end, intelligent, and green development, thereby promoting qualitative improvements and rational quantitative growth.

Install the “high-end” engine. Accelerate the promotion and application of advanced and suitable technologies, strengthen the competitive edge of traditional manufacturing sectors, advance the strengthening, extension, and supplementation of industrial chains, support traditional manufacturing in deepening specialized fields, incubate new technologies, explore new tracks, and cultivate new industries. Deeply implement the industrial foundation reengineering project and strengthen the support system for traditional manufacturing.

Install the “intelligent” engine. Accelerate the empowerment of digital technologies, vigorously promote the intelligent transformation, digital transformation, and network connectivity of enterprises, and expedite the deep integration of information technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, 5G, and the Internet of Things with the entire manufacturing process and all elements. Promote networked collaboration in the industrial chain and supply chain, and drive the overall transformation and upgrading of industrial parks and clusters.

Install the “green” engine. Accelerate green technology innovation and the promotion and application of advanced green technologies, strengthen green manufacturing, develop green services, expand the green energy industry, and develop green low-carbon industries and supply chains to build a green low-carbon circular economy system, enhancing the “new” content of development through the “green” content of industries.

According to the goals outlined in the guidelines jointly issued by eight departments, including the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the National Development and Reform Commission, by 2027, the development level of high-end, intelligent, green, and integrated traditional manufacturing will be significantly improved, effectively supporting the stable proportion of manufacturing in the national economy and further consolidating and enhancing its position and competitiveness in the global industrial division of labor. The penetration rates of digital R&D and design tools in industrial enterprises and the numerical control rate of key processes will exceed 90% and 70%, respectively. Industrial energy consumption intensity and carbon dioxide emission intensity will continue to decline, with water consumption per unit of industrial added value decreasing by about 13% compared to 2023, and the comprehensive utilization rate of bulk industrial solid waste exceeding 57%.

Currently, China is promoting a new round of large-scale equipment upgrades and the renewal of consumer goods. According to the action plan issued by the State Council, China will focus on key industries such as petrochemicals, steel, non-ferrous metals, building materials, machinery, automobiles, light industry, textiles, and electronics, launching four major actions: advanced equipment renewal, digital transformation, promotion of green equipment, and improvement of safety levels, comprehensively driving equipment renewal and technological transformation to lay a solid foundation for transforming and upgrading traditional industries.

2.2.2 Cultivating and Expanding Emerging Industries

Strategic emerging industries are at the forefront of technological and economic development and play a significant leading role in the long-term development of the economy and society. To a large extent, they determine a country or region’s comprehensive strength, particularly its core competitiveness.

Strategic emerging industries are crucial carriers of new quality productivity. In September 2023, during a symposium on promoting comprehensive revitalization in Northeast China in the new era, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “Actively cultivate strategic emerging industries such as new energy, new materials, advanced manufacturing, and electronic information, and actively cultivate future industries, accelerating the formation of new quality productivity to enhance new development momentum.” [23]

Strategic emerging industries have a pioneering nature, with integration and clustering being new models of industrial development. Strategic emerging industry clusters, through the concentration of industries within certain geographical spaces, achieve the organic combination and maximization of the benefits of talent, technology, and capital, becoming an important trend in China’s industrial development.

In March 2024, Nanjing released 18 artificial intelligence application scenarios, focusing on five major fields: “AI + Industry,” “AI + Power,” “AI + Transportation,” “AI + Healthcare,” and “AI + Information Consumption,” creating a “testbed” for collaboration on underlying technologies and applications, and exploring more promising innovation models and product directions for artificial intelligence.

Currently, China is seizing the development opportunities of strategic emerging industries, building a series of advanced industrial clusters with international competitiveness in fields such as new-generation information technology, artificial intelligence, biotechnology, new energy, new materials, high-end equipment, and green and environmental protection. China is also constructing a series of new growth points with distinctive features, complementary advantages, and reasonable structures.

Promoting the integrated and clustered development of strategic emerging industries requires continued efforts in deploying innovation chains around industrial chains, improving ecosystem construction and scenario applications, and strengthening the construction of digital platforms.

Innovation chains should be deployed around industrial chains, fully leveraging the advantages of leading enterprises, platform effects, and demonstration leading roles to promote the integration of innovation chains with industrial chains and the coordinated development of upstream and downstream industrial chains.

Ecosystem construction and scenario applications should be improved, with government investment playing a guiding role for societal investment. Support should be provided for localities to build landmark industries in segmented fields based on their inherent advantages and future development prospects, with industrial demand driving the development of education, technology, and talent.

Digital platform construction should promote the integration of the digital economy with the real economy. By leveraging digitization, related enterprises, industry research institutions, and government public departments should collaborate innovatively to achieve system integration and resource sharing.

2.2.3 Planning and Developing Future Industries

Future industries are at the forefront of reshaping the global innovation landscape and economic structure, key to firmly grasping future development initiatives.

General Secretary Xi Jinping attaches great importance to the development of future industries, issuing a series of important instructions and decisions. The “14th Five-Year Program for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China and the Long-Range Objectives for 2035” explicitly states, “Organize and implement future industry incubation and acceleration plans in frontier technological and industrial transformation fields such as brain-like intelligence, quantum information, gene technology, future networks, deep-sea and aerospace development, hydrogen energy and energy storage, and plan and layout a batch of future industries.” China’s future industry development ideas are becoming clearer, with development blueprints for key areas gradually unfolding.

Currently, future industries have become key fields for creating new growth engines from central to local levels. Developing future industries is expected to cultivate and form a series of new pillar industries and industrial clusters worth hundreds of billions or even trillions of yuan. It can also extensively empower and promote the transformation and upgrading of traditional advantageous industries, playing a greater role in strengthening, supplementing, and extending industrial chains.

In November 2022, the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Education approved the “Pilot and Cultivation List of Future Industry Science Parks,” designating 10 future industry science parks in eight provinces and cities, including Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Hubei, Guangdong, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Heilongjiang, as the first batch of future industry science park construction pilots. In August 2023, the General Office of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued a notice “On Organizing the 2023 Future Industry Innovation Task Project,” accelerating the application of new technologies and new products in four key directions: the metaverse, humanoid robots, brain-computer interfaces, and general artificial intelligence.

Local governments, based on their scientific and industrial foundations, are actively “placing their bets” on future industries. Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Shenzhen, and other regions have taken the lead in introducing development plans, action plans, implementation schemes, and supporting policies for future industries, making forward-looking layouts for future industries a key aspect of economic development and long-term planning.

China’s future industries are at a critical period of achieving significant leaps in innovation vitality, radiation capability, and comprehensive strength. It is necessary to continuously innovate ideas and measures to adapt to industrial development, planning the spatiotemporal layout of future industries. Given that the technological routes of future industries are still to be clarified and business models need to mature, cultivating future industries requires precise support, akin to fine-tuned control of temperature, light, water, and air. The support should emphasize nurturing the development soil, focusing on assisting small, new, and young enterprises, strengthening original innovation, and supporting scenario markets. It is essential to innovate regulatory models, increase institutional supply, and create an atmosphere and space that encourages innovation, tolerates failure, and allows for bold exploration and experimentation.

2.3 Developing New Quality Productivity According to Local Conditions

Whether it is technological innovation or industrial innovation, the key is to proceed from practical realities and fully utilize local advantages based on technological foundations.

During the 2024 National People’s Congress, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized in his participation in the deliberation of the Jiangsu delegation, “We must firmly grasp the primary task of high-quality development and develop new quality productivity according to local conditions. Developing new quality productivity does not mean ignoring or abandoning traditional industries; we must prevent blind following and bubbles, and avoid pursuing a single model.” [24]

The emphasis on “according to local conditions” by General Secretary Xi Jinping reflects the epistemology and methodology of Marxism, providing direction for different regions in China to develop new quality productivity by leveraging their advantages.

“According to local conditions” is both an accurate grasp of China’s national conditions and a profound understanding of the laws of innovation. Developing new quality productivity involves multiple levels, including technological innovation, industrial upgrading, organizational management, and talent cultivation. Since different regions have varying resource endowments, primary functions, industrial bases, and research conditions, the approaches to developing new quality productivity will differ. Blind actions that disregard the laws of innovation, industrial laws, and local conditions must be avoided. Instead, it is essential to adhere to practical realities, seek truth from facts, and explore development paths for new quality productivity that are suited to local realities.

Developing new quality productivity requires a focus on both “newness” and “quality.”

From historical experience and the current situation of promoting industrial innovation through technological innovation, there has never been a uniform development path, nor can any development model be simply copied. It is necessary to consider the national regional innovation layout, based on local characteristics and grassroots exploration and practice, to find scientifically reasonable innovation development paths and avoid uniformity and single models.

Developing new quality productivity should emphasize the application and value transformation of innovation results. Innovation results should not remain confined to laboratories but should become products on production lines and commodities in large markets. In accelerating the application of technological innovation results, it is crucial to focus on solving actual local economic and social development problems, deploying innovation chains around industrial chains, and arranging industrial chains around innovation chains to accelerate the transformation into real productivity, enhancing local development’s endogenous power.

Developing new quality productivity requires preventing involution-type “内卷式 of competition between like and like. When planning and promoting industrial transformation and upgrading, there is no need to blindly pursue large and comprehensive models, nor should attention be focused solely on specific fields or products. Instead, comparative advantages should be leveraged to form a coordinated, complementary, and distinctive overall pattern.

Developing new quality productivity requires strengthening cross-departmental coordination and cooperation, linking technology chains, industrial chains, policy chains, talent chains, and capital chains, and avoiding each region and department from acting independently. It is necessary to adhere to a “national chessboard” approach for overall optimization, scientifically laying out from the perspective of showcasing the country’s overall comparative advantages and allowing each region to fully display its strengths.

Technological innovation cannot be rushed or delayed. To excel in the grand task of innovative development, it is essential to focus on technological innovation as the core element, rely on industrial innovation as a strong support, and pursue coordinated efforts to ensure the continuous surge of technological innovation results, making the steps towards developing new quality productivity more stable and powerful.

Chapter Three: Shaping New Production Relations Adapted to New Quality Productivity

“Production relations must adapt to the requirements of productivity development. To develop new quality productivity, we must further comprehensively deepen reform and form new production relations that match it.” [25] – Xi Jinping

Developing new quality productivity is both a development issue and a reform issue.

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “Reform is the key to liberating and developing social productivity and the fundamental driving force for national development.” “To develop new quality productivity, we must further comprehensively deepen reform and form new production relations that match it.” [26]

From the perspective of human industrial development history, any country that can lead the global technological wave and industrial revolution must have constructed a new institutional system that can more effectively incentivize and protect innovation compared to other countries. This is the core carrier of national competitiveness. Therefore, the competition in new quality productivity between countries on the surface is a competition of new technologies and new industries, but in essence, it is a competition of national institutions. Whoever can provide market mechanisms, industrial regulations, financial systems, and industrial policies that match the new technological wave and industrial transformation will win the competition in new quality productivity between countries.

3.1 Further Comprehensive Deepening of Reform to Promote Efficient Coordination and Matching of New Quality Productivity Elements

New quality productivity requires proactive planning and guidance from the government, scientific policy support, market mechanism adjustments, and continuous innovation from enterprises and other micro-entities. It is cultivated and driven by the “visible hand” of the government and the “invisible hand” of the market working together.

Since the reform and opening up, the Communist Party of China has, through continuous exploration and practice, creatively proposed developing a market economy under socialist conditions, establishing, and improving the socialist market economic system. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China has accelerated the improvement of basic market economy systems such as property rights protection, market access, fair competition, and social credit, and perfected the mechanisms for implementing the principle of “Two Unwaveringly Supports“:

“Unwaveringly consolidate and develop the publicly owned economy” and
“Unwaveringly encourage, support and guide the development of the non-publicly owned economy”

– – laying an institutional foundation for the efficient coordination and matching of various production factors.

3.1.1 Grasping the “New” Characteristics of New Quality Productivity Elements

Compared to traditional productivity, new quality productivity encompasses completely new elements. Driven by the wave of new technological revolution, laborers, labor tools, and labor objects have undergone overall elevation, optimized combinations, and innovative configurations. It is essential to accurately grasp the new characteristics of new quality productivity elements.

Higher Quality Laborers are the First Element of New Quality Productivity. New-type laborers are the most active and decisive factors in new quality productivity. Unlike traditional ordinary technical workers who primarily engage in simple repetitive labor, new-type laborers represent a transformation of modern labor, being talented in making strategic innovations that create new quality productivity and application-oriented talents who can skillfully master new quality production materials. They have higher educational levels, stronger learning abilities, and not only possess traditional occupational skills but can also adapt to digital and intelligent work environments, possessing comprehensive abilities for cross-border integration.

New-type laborers include top scientific talents who lead the world’s technological frontiers, make significant breakthroughs in disruptive scientific understanding and technological creation, and top scientific leaders who make outstanding contributions in basic research and key core technologies; engineering and technical talents represented by excellent engineers and technical workers represented by great craftsmen of major countries; and outstanding entrepreneurs with strategic thinking who dare to innovate, keenly grasp the frontier technologies and industrial trends, continuously invest in innovation, and promote industrial innovation through technological innovation.

More Advanced Labor Tools are the Power Source of New Quality Productivity. The integration and application of new-generation information technology, advanced manufacturing technology, and new materials technology have bred a large number of new-type production tools that are more intelligent, efficient, low-carbon, and safer. Traditional machinery-based production tools have undergone disruptive changes, with the extensive application of industrial internet, industrial software, and other technologies, greatly enriching the manifestations of production tools. The labor process has shifted towards platform-based, ecological, shared, and remote production collaboration, promoting the organic integration of the digital economy and the real economy, significantly improving productivity and economic efficiency.

As an important aspect of labor tools, new-type infrastructure is the foundational support of new quality productivity. New-type infrastructure centers on information network infrastructure, characterized by digitization, networking, and intelligence, including high-speed networks, big data centers, intelligent logistics systems, and more. China is accelerating the construction of a systematic, efficient, practical, intelligent, green, safe, and reliable modern infrastructure system, providing necessary conditions for the generation of new-type labor objects and the application of new-type labor tools.

Broader Labor Objects are the Material Basis of New Quality Productivity. Thanks to technological innovation, the objects of human labor have changed dramatically. On the one hand, the means by which humans obtain materials and energy from nature have become more advanced, extending the scope of utilization and transformation of nature to deep space, deep sea, and deep earth. On the other hand, humans continuously create new material resources through labor, transforming them into labor objects and significantly increasing productivity. New-type labor objects, such as data, have permeated various industries, releasing tremendous productivity potential.

Driven by the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, laborers, labor tools, labor objects, and production methods are undergoing transformative adjustments, promoting the convenient flow, networked sharing, systematic integration, collaborative development, and efficient utilization of elements such as labor, capital, land, knowledge, technology, management, and data, accelerating the formation of new quality productivity.

3.1.2 Innovating the Allocation of Production Factors

On January 31, 2024, General Secretary Xi Jinping, while presiding over a collective study session of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, emphasized the need to unblock the bottlenecks that hinder the development of new quality productivity, establish a high-standard market system, innovate the allocation of production factors, and ensure the smooth flow of various advanced and high-quality production factors towards developing new quality productivity. [27]

Achieving innovative allocation of production factors fundamentally depends on deepening reforms.

—Continuously deepening market-oriented reforms of factors.

The 19th CPC National Congress identified market-oriented allocation of factors as a key focus of economic system reform. The 4th Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee further emphasized advancing the construction of the factor market system to achieve market-determined factor prices, autonomous and orderly flow, and efficient and fair allocation. In 2020, the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council issued the “Opinions on Building a More Perfect Market-Oriented Allocation Mechanism for Factors,” which outlined the reform directions for five factor areas: land, labor, capital, technology, and data.

China’s market-oriented reform of factors is continuously advancing. At the beginning of 2024, China released the “Three-Year Action Plan for ‘Data Factor ×’ (2024-2026),” explicitly proposing to “amplify, overlay, and multiply the role of data factors.” Compared to the earlier “Internet+” action, the “Data Factor ×” action fully reflects considerations for the innovative allocation of production factors.

—Accelerating the construction of a unified national market.

In today’s world, the market is the most scarce resource. China’s super-large-scale market has the advantage of rich application scenarios and amplifying innovation returns. Accelerating the construction of a unified national market can promote the orderly flow and rational allocation of innovation factors, support the accelerated transition of technological innovation to industrial innovation, and better leverage the advantages of economies of scale and agglomeration effects, further reducing market transaction costs, and creating favorable conditions for the continuous emergence of new quality productivity.

In recent years, China has made positive progress in accelerating the construction of a unified national market, including fully implementing the reform of the stock issuance registration system, initiating the pilot of rural collective operational construction land entering the market, and advancing the establishment of a unified national electricity market and carbon market. At the same time, a series of policies and measures that hinder a unified market and fair competition have been abolished, revised, and corrected, and a series of supporting policies have been introduced in areas such as property rights, market access, fair competition, and credit.

Next, China will continue to break down local protectionism and regional barriers to create a favorable environment for business entities, optimize the layout of innovation resources and industries, build a hierarchical development system of provincial, national, and world-class clusters, and promote the orderly transfer of manufacturing within the country.

—Building a high-standard market system.

Efforts to unblock the bottlenecks that hinder the development of new quality productivity must provide foundational support for the optimized allocation of innovation resources from an institutional perspective.

The high-standard market system that China is building is a fundamental reform characterized by unified openness, orderly competition, comprehensive systems, and sound governance. It encompasses high-standard market system foundation institutions, high-standard factor market systems, high-standard market environments and quality, high-standard market infrastructure, high-standard market openness, and high-standard modern market regulatory mechanisms.

Regarding the foundational institutions of a high-standard market system, strict property protection is the original driving force for stimulating the vitality of various business entities. Implementing a unified national negative list system for market access is a prerequisite for forming a unified national market. Fair competition is an effective market operation mechanism that can promote sufficient competition and survival of the fittest among business entities.

Building a high-standard market system emphasizes institutional comprehensiveness, fair competition, and the importance of the government in maintaining market order and addressing market failures. In summary, it is necessary to fully leverage the decisive role of the market in resource allocation while better utilizing the role of the government to promote the better combination of an effective market and a proactive government.

3.1.3 Improving the Mechanism for Factor Participation in Income Distribution

Improving the mechanism for factor participation in income distribution is crucial for stimulating the enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity of various production factors in participating in production, allowing the vitality of various production factors to burst forth.

Under the conditions of new quality productivity, there are higher requirements for the innovative allocation of traditional quantitative factors such as land, capital, and labor. New types of factors such as artificial intelligence, green energy, data, aerospace, deep sea, and frequencies are rapidly emerging, while quality factors like knowledge, technology, and management play increasingly important roles. Improving the mechanism for factor participation in income distribution is intrinsic to shaping production relations that adapt to new quality productivity.

The 4th Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee identified “distribution according to labor as the mainstay, coexistence of multiple distribution methods” as an important component of the basic socialist economic system. The 20th CPC Party Congress emphasized improving policies and systems for distribution according to factors.

Currently, China is improving the mechanism for labor participation in distribution, increasing the proportion of labor remuneration in primary distribution, and consolidating the dominant position of distribution according to labor. It is also improving the mechanism for capital participation in distribution, promoting capital market reform, and perfecting the mechanism for matching returns with risks. Efforts are being made to improve the mechanism for land participation in distribution, enhancing the precision of land factor allocation and utilization efficiency, and establishing a sound mechanism for the distribution of land value-added benefits. In addition, the mechanism for knowledge participation in distribution is being improved to form a virtuous cycle where knowledge creates value, and value creators receive reasonable returns. The mechanism for technology participation in distribution is being improved by establishing systems for implementing equity, options, and dividend incentives for researchers. The mechanism for management participation in distribution is being improved by coordinating the use of employee stock ownership, equity incentives, and equity dividends as medium- and long-term incentive measures. The mechanism for data participation in distribution is being improved by establishing rules for data ownership, openness, sharing, and transactions, allowing data owners to obtain due benefits from data use.

3.1.4 Facilitating the Positive Cycle of Education, Technology, and Talent

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized the need to “facilitate the positive cycle of education, technology, and talent according to the requirements of developing new quality productivity” [28] and to “deepen reforms in the technology system, education system, and talent system.” [29]

Education is the important foundation for developing new quality productivity, technology is its core element, and talent is its primary resource. China adheres to prioritizing the development of education, achieving technological self-reliance, and driving development with talent, further strengthening the solid foundation of coordinated resource allocation and activating the key engine for shaping new momentum and new advantages.

Efforts must be made to deepen reforms in the technology system. It is necessary to reform the technology management system, granting more autonomy to research units and giving scientists greater authority in deciding technical routes and using funds. It is essential to deploy the entire chain of technological innovation decisions, R&D investment, research organization, and result transformation, focusing on “who innovates, what to innovate, how to innovate, and for whom to innovate.” There must be a systematic layout of key innovation resources such as policies, funds, projects, platforms, and talent. The system for using, disposing of, and managing the benefits of scientific and technological achievements must be improved continuously to enhance the transformation and industrialization of scientific and technological achievements.

Efforts must be made to persistently deepen reforms in the education system. It is necessary to coordinate innovation in vocational education, higher education, and continuing education, promote the integration of general education and vocational education, industry-education integration, and the integration of science and education, focusing on the deep development of human resources and innovation-driven development. Higher education institutions must adjust and optimize their subject layouts, discipline structures, and professional settings around national strategies and industry needs. Whether it is basic education, higher education, or vocational education, emphasis must be placed on stimulating innovative thinking and creative abilities in talent.

Efforts must be made to continuously break through reforms in the talent system and mechanism. It is essential to accelerate the formation of a training mechanism conducive to talent growth, a utilization mechanism conducive to talent fully playing their roles, an incentive mechanism conducive to talent showcasing their abilities, and a competitive mechanism conducive to talent standing out. The “one-size-fits-all” approach must be avoided, and an evaluation system for talent based on innovation value, ability, and contribution must be accelerated. Positive measures should be taken to “reduce burdens and untie” talents, giving them full trust and a relaxed growth environment, especially for fundamental research and technology applications with long R&D cycles, where strategic patience must be maintained. It is necessary to implement systems like “revealing the list and taking command” and “horse racing.” A more open and inclusive international technology cooperation strategy should be implemented, facilitating cross-regional circulation channels for education, technology, and talent elements to gather global talents for use.

3.2 Persisting in High-Level Openness to Create a First-Class Business Environment

China’s economic development achievements have been made under open conditions. Developing new quality productivity and achieving high-quality development must also be conducted under high-level openness.

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, “We must expand high-level opening-up to create a favorable international environment for developing new quality productivity.” [30] Faced with increasingly complex international situations and growing uncertainties, China insists on high-level opening-up, continuously building a first-class business environment that is market-oriented, law-based, and international, providing crucial support for developing new quality productivity.

3.2.1 Optimizing Resource Allocation Globally

High-quality capital, key resources, advanced technology, and top talents are crucial for developing new quality productivity. Currently, global resource allocation is showing new development trends. China is promoting high-level opening-up, leveraging the advantages of its super-large-scale market, attracting global resources and elements with domestic large-scale circulation, enhancing the linkage effect of domestic and international markets and resources, and creating a globally competitive innovation ecosystem.

Since the reform and opening up, China has played three important roles in the process of economic globalization: deep participant—deeply participating in the global manufacturing value chain division, active promoter—making great contributions to promoting global economic growth, and cooperative innovator—jointly advancing the new round of global technological revolution and industrial transformation.

Foreign media reports indicate that China is promoting the formation of a global technology ecosystem, gradually becoming an unignorable participant in international technological cooperation and a significant attractor of global innovation resources and elements.

China’s position in the global industrial chain division is steadily improving, laying a solid foundation for integrating into the international circulation at a higher level and attracting global resources and elements. In the face of a complex external environment, China is releasing more prominent signals of openness through a series of powerful measures—

China announced pilot access initiatives in areas such as value-added telecommunications and fully lifted foreign investment restrictions in the manufacturing sector. The “Action Plan for Solidly Promoting High-Level Opening-Up to Attract and Utilize Foreign Capital” was issued, national and free trade zone versions of the negative list for cross-border service trade were published, and the “Regulations on Promoting and Regulating Cross-Border Data Flow” were released. The “Pudong New Area Comprehensive Reform Pilot Implementation Plan (2023-2027)” proposed exploring the implementation path for capital account convertibility and piloting the use of digital RMB in trade settlement, e-commerce payments, carbon trading, and green electricity trading. Major exhibitions such as the China International Import Expo, Canton Fair, China International Fair for Trade in Services, Digital Trade Fair, and China International Consumer Products Expo were held to build platforms for two-way opening-up…

China’s door of openness is opening wider and wider, promoting the optimization of resource allocation globally and creating a better environment and conditions for developing new quality productivity.

3.2.2 Further Expanding Institutional Opening-Up

Compared with opening-up through the flow of goods and factors, institutional opening-up is a higher level of opening-up. By breaking down various barriers at the institutional and rule levels, the linkage effect of domestic and international markets and resources can be effectively enhanced, further playing a role in attracting global high-quality innovation elements and resources.

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized the need to focus on serving the construction of a new development pattern, with institutional opening-up as the focus, deepening institutional reforms in key areas of investment, trade, finance, and innovation, improving supporting policies and measures, and actively raising the level of China’s opening-up. [31]

Regarding further expanding institutional opening-up, China insists on better combining coastal opening with inland and border opening, exploring opening system rules that adapt to coastal-inland linkage development; better combining “bringing in” and “going out,” creating new platforms for international cooperation; better combining manufacturing sector opening with service sector opening, constructing new rules and standards for opening education, healthcare, finance, and other sectors; better combining multilateral opening with regional opening, participating in promoting global institutional opening, and being a builder and contributor to an open world economy.

Currently, China is accelerating the promotion of institutional opening-up in areas such as rules, regulations, management, and standards: the number of pilot free trade zones has increased to 22, with conditions in Shanghai, Guangdong, Tianjin, Fujian, Beijing, and other areas leading to the pilot implementation of international high-standard economic and trade rules; the scope of modern service industry opening has expanded, with the number of comprehensive service industry opening pilot zones increasing to 11; the “Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement” (RCEP) is being fully and high-quality implemented, and efforts are being made to join the “Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership” (CPTPP) and the “Digital Economy Partnership Agreement” (DEPA), contributing to accelerating the formation of a globally competitive open innovation ecosystem.

3.2.3 Continuously Deepening International Cooperation

Developing new quality productivity aligns with China’s vision of achieving high-quality development and meets the world’s expectations for China to provide a “dynamic variable.” Especially in the fields of green environmental protection and the digital revolution, there is vast cooperation space between China and international partners. Continuously deepening international cooperation in the field of new quality productivity will not only help enhance the levels of global industrial chains and supply chains but also further optimize global resource allocation, allowing all cooperating countries to share the opportunities of industrial upgrading and high-quality development.

China is striving to deepen international cooperation, laying a solid foundation for developing new quality productivity through specific measures, including continuously promoting the high-quality development of the Belt and Road Initiative based on the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits; accelerating the construction of international trade and logistics corridors such as the China-Europe Railway Express and the Western Land-Sea New Corridor to further enhance connectivity; firmly supporting the multilateral trading system, actively participating in and promoting necessary reforms of the WTO, and further improving a high-standard free trade zone network facing the world.

In 2023, China’s non-financial outward direct investment reached $130.1 billion, an increase of 11.4%, maintaining a top three global ranking for 11 consecutive years. China’s outward investment stock amounted to $2.8 trillion, covering more than 190 countries and regions worldwide, consistently ranking in the top three globally for six consecutive years. By the end of 2023, China’s direct investment stock in Belt and Road partner countries exceeded $300 billion, with over 100 overseas economic and trade cooperation zones established, and nearly $2 trillion in completed project contracts in these countries. Belt and Road investment cooperation has deepened and become more practical. China continues to deepen cooperation in green development, the digital economy, and the blue economy, signing 64 memorandums of understanding on investment cooperation in related fields with 38 countries, establishing 70 bilateral investment cooperation working groups with 60 countries, and setting up more than 150 overseas Chinese chambers of commerce in over 120 countries and regions.

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that “Only when the world is doing well will China do well; and when China is doing well, the world will do even better than before.” [32]

Creating opportunities through openness and solving problems through cooperation is a valuable experience that China has formed in its process of expanding openness. International cooperation, guided by the important traction of developing new quality productivity, will have broader space and more vivid practices.

Chapter Four: The Global Significance of New Quality Productivity

“The world today is not peaceful. As always, China, with a concern for the future of humanity and the well-being of the people, strives to contribute Chinese wisdom and solutions to the cause of human peace and development, advocating for a multipolar world and inclusive economic globalization.” [33] — Xi Jinping

The development of productivity is a common characteristic of countries achieving modernization. In the 200-plus years since the Industrial Revolution, the few countries that have achieved modernization have done so by varying degrees of productivity leaps. However, overall, the world’s modernization process has not been smooth, still facing many challenges, including weak economic recovery, severe geopolitical situations, trade protectionism, and anti-globalization trends.

In this context, China’s development of new quality productivity is not only an initiative aimed at the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation but also a commitment to promoting world peace, development, mutual benefit, and common prosperity through its own modernization practice.

4.1 Injecting New Momentum into Global Economic Recovery and Sharing Development Opportunities

In the global economic landscape, China’s role as an “engine” and “ballast” is becoming increasingly prominent. Bloomberg, citing the latest economic forecast data from the International Monetary Fund, predicts that from 2024 to 2029, 75% of global economic growth will be concentrated in 20 countries, with China contributing the most. During the same period, China’s share of new global economic activity will reach about 21%, higher than the G7’s 20%. [34]

4.1.1 Playing a New Role as an Economic Engine

Why can China continue to play the role of an engine in the global economy during a difficult transition?

An important factor is that China actively embraces the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, striving to promote industrial innovation through technological revolutionary breakthroughs and innovative allocation of production factors, continuously exploring new fields, new advantages, and new tracks to cultivate new momentum for development.

Currently, new quality productivity is stimulating the vitality and potential of the Chinese market, enhancing China’s resilience as a world economic engine. In 2023, China’s three major industries—biopharmaceuticals, artificial intelligence, and nanotechnology applications—had a combined output value of over $55 billion. By 2027, the digital economy’s scale is expected to reach $15.7 trillion. China’s efforts to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality are leading to the construction of an entirely new zero-carbon industrial system, triggering massive investments and industrial opportunities. In the field of renewable energy, China has become a veritable global leader. According to the Global Wind Energy Council’s “2024 Global Wind Energy Report,” in 2023, the global newly installed wind power capacity reached a record-breaking 117 GW, a 50% increase compared to 2022. However, if China is excluded, the global wind energy industry’s growth has actually stagnated. [35]

Research by the International Monetary Fund shows that China’s economic growth has a positive spillover effect on other regions of the world, with a 1 percentage point increase in China’s economic growth raising the output level of other economies by an average of 0.3 percentage points. [36] As traditional industries are upgraded and new industries flourish, new quality productivity will continuously inject new momentum into China’s high-quality economic development, leading to an expanding middle-income group and a continuously growing and upgrading consumer market. In turn, the benefits brought by China’s economic engine to the world will be considerable.

4.1.2 Creating New Opportunities for Win-Win Development

Accelerating the development of new quality productivity will further amplify China’s unique market advantages, creating more development opportunities for international partners.

First, the development of new quality productivity will lead to improvements in labor productivity, industrial value-added levels, and the income and welfare of laborers. By 2035, China’s middle-income population is expected to reach 800 million, forming a stronger purchasing power. With the continuous development of new quality productivity, consumption scenarios will expand, and Chinese people’s production and lifestyle will rapidly shift towards digitalization and greening, stimulating new and diversified high-end consumption demands. Under the dual drivers of purchasing power and demand, China’s import scale will expand accordingly, allowing its trade partners to share China’s large market’s development opportunities more deeply and broadly.

Second, accelerating the development of new quality productivity will make China a more critical link in the global innovation chain. More and more foreign enterprises are participating in the construction of China’s advanced industrial chain and the upgrading of the innovation chain, focusing more of their investments in China on innovation tracks and emphasizing the research and development and expansion of high-value-added innovative technologies and services. For many multinational companies, China is not only an essential market but also an “amplifier” of innovation returns.

Many multinational companies are casting “votes of confidence” in China’s innovative development through increased investments. AstraZeneca, which has been rooted in China for more than 30 years, will invest $475 million to build a new small molecule drug factory in Wuxi and $700 million to establish an inhalation aerosol production supply base in Qingdao. Valeo established a production and research and development base for “Comfort Driving Assistance Systems” in Shanghai. GE Healthcare (China) will double its R&D investment in China over the next three years. It is challenging to find an investment development zone with a scale and space as vast as China’s, and the accelerated development of new quality productivity will further solidify the foreign business community’s recognition that “the next China is still China.”

China’s irreplaceability can be glimpsed from the financial reports of multinational companies. In fiscal year 2023, Bosch Group’s sales in China increased by more than 5%, with intelligent mobility being the main growth driver of its business in China. Apple’s Greater China revenue accounted for about one-fifth of the company’s total revenue. The Shanghai Gigafactory has become Tesla’s main export center globally, with efficiency ranking among the top in the industry. In late April 2024, Tesla CEO Elon Musk visited China again, less than a year after his last visit. A large number of visionary foreign entrepreneurs have keenly perceived the new opportunities brought about by China’s development of new quality productivity.

4.2 Exploring New Production Relations and Expanding Economic Governance Practices

New quality productivity is a development and innovation of Marxist political economy by the Communist Party of China. It embodies tremendous transformative power and presents new challenges for China’s economic governance capabilities.

Currently, China is focusing on improving its economic system and enhancing its economic governance capabilities. This strategic initiative demonstrates China’s confidence in its system and provides valuable experiences and practical examples of economic governance for other developing countries.

4.2.1 Proactively Addressing Global Challenges with Strategic Initiatives

China is currently overcoming the “comparative advantage trap” commonly faced by late-developing countries and is at the forefront of technological research and application in many new fields, facing the challenges of technological development alongside developed countries. To this end, China is actively improving policies, filling institutional gaps, and leveraging system advantages to create new opportunities amid changes, seizing strategic initiatives.

China’s institutional exploration in developing the digital economy is notable. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, under the leadership of Xi Jinping, the development of the digital economy has been highly prioritized, and data has become a fundamental strategic resource for the country. In April 2020, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the “Opinions on Improving the Market-based Allocation Mechanism for Factors of Production,” in which data was established as a new factor of production for the first time in a central document. China became the first country in the world to establish data as a factor of production at the national policy level.

Since 2022, China’s data element market development has entered the fast lane. In December 2022, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the “Opinions on Building Basic Data Systems to Better Leverage the Role of Data Elements,” outlining the blueprint for data element market development. In February 2023, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the “Overall Layout Plan for Digital China Construction,” setting phased goals and tasks and proposing that by 2035, China’s level of digital development will rank among the world’s leaders. In March of the same year, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the “Plan for the Reform of Party and State Institutions,” which included proposing the establishment of the National Data Administration.

Elevating data to the status of a new production factor aligns with the development trend of the digital economy. China is working to solidify the foundation for data element-driven growth, safeguard data sovereignty, promote digital economic development, and build new competitive advantages in data. At the same time, China is actively participating in international cooperation on the digital economy and the formulation of related rules, allowing the results and experiences of China’s data element development to benefit more countries and people.

China is at the forefront of addressing the current global deficit in digital governance and challenges in emerging digital fields. In 2020, China proposed the “Global Data Security Initiative,” clarifying government behavior norms and promoting joint responsibility and cooperation among enterprises to address security risks. In 2023, China issued the “Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services,” the world’s first specific legislation for generative artificial intelligence. In the same year, China submitted the “China’s Position on Global Digital Governance Issues” 《中国关于全球数字治理有关问题的立场》 to the United Nations, calling for the elimination of the digital divide and opposing technological monopolies.

By actively exploring and responding to new production factors, China demonstrates its determination and practical spirit to enhance economic governance capabilities, which will drive global economic governance reforms and further unleash global economic potential and vitality.

4.2.2 New Economic Governance Practices Resonate Worldwide

China’s development of new quality productivity and promotion of institutional innovation and changes in production relations have sparked significant international interest.

Managing the relationship between government and the market is the core issue of China’s economic system reform. Xi Jinping’s proposal to “let the market play a decisive role in resource allocation and better leverage the role of the government” has led to continuous innovation and breakthroughs in socialist market economy theory and practice.

In the fields of basic research and key core technologies, China is working to improve the system of the CPC Central Committee’s unified leadership over scientific and technological work, enhance the new national system, strengthen the national strategic scientific and technological forces, and optimize the allocation of innovative resources. In terms of the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements, the emphasis is more on the market’s role, strengthening the leading position of enterprises in innovation. This provides useful insights into effectively utilizing both the “invisible hand” and the “visible hand.”

In the process of comprehensively deepening reforms and improving economic governance, the methodologies embedded in Xi Jinping’s economic thought, such as “establishing before abolishing,” “seeking progress while maintaining stability,” and “promoting stability through progress,” have garnered increasing attention from the international community.

Anna Malindog-Uy, vice president of the “Asian Century” Strategic Research Institute in the Philippines, highly praised Xi Jinping’s emphasis on “actively promoting industrial upgrading, intelligence, and greening.” She believes this deployment is forward-looking, emphasizing empowering economic development with technology, digital economy, and green technology, while balancing economic growth, technological progress, and sustainable development. [37]

The international community evaluates that placing the formation of new production relations compatible with new quality productivity in an important position reflects the increasing maturity of China’s economic governance. The formation and development of new quality productivity in China highlight the great advantages and vitality of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and will provide the world with Chinese solutions for exploring better economic governance methods.

4.3 Empowering Chinese-Style Modernization and Opening Up New Forms of Human Civilization

Every advancement in human civilization is driven by leaps in productivity. In the new journey of comprehensively promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-style modernization, the development of new quality productivity in China will drive cultural development and civilizational progress.

4.3.1 Deeply Practicing the Concept of “Humans and Nature as a Community of Life”

Industrialization has created unprecedented material wealth but also caused irreparable ecological damage. The contradiction between limited resources and unlimited human needs has become prominent, and climate change has become one of the most severe challenges facing humanity. Traditional productivity, characterized by low efficiency, high pollution, and extensive growth driven by factor inputs, cannot support sustainable economic development.

Compared with traditional productivity, new quality productivity focuses on achieving intensive growth through innovation. One dimension of this is promoting industrial iteration and upgrading based on knowledge, information, data, and computing power, thereby overcoming the exclusivity and consumption of natural material resources and reducing excessive reliance on resources. Promoting a new round of productivity leap is not only about technological innovation itself but also about deeply understanding that “humans and nature are a community of life.”

The idea that ecological prosperity leads to civilizational prosperity and ecological decline leads to civilizational decline has become a broad consensus in China. One characteristic of Chinese-style modernization is modernization that achieves harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. New quality productivity facilitates the formation of green and low-carbon industries and promotes comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development. The development model of “pollution first, treatment later” and “controlling nature and plundering nature” is becoming a thing of the past, and a path of civilization characterized by harmonious coexistence between humans and nature, pursuing sustainable development, is being opened up.

4.3.2 Enhancing Humanistic Care in the Modernization Process

Chinese-style modernization is a new type of modernization that is people-centered and future-oriented. As Xi Jinping said: “The ultimate goal of modernization is to achieve the free and comprehensive development of people. Whether the modernization path can be followed smoothly and steadily depends on whether it adheres to a people-centered approach.” [38]

China’s development of new quality productivity aims to ensure that the achievements of modernization benefit all people more fairly, promoting and facilitating comprehensive human development. Therefore, the development of new quality productivity is part of China’s efforts to improve and protect human rights.

New quality productivity places greater emphasis on improving the quality of workers and cultivating new types of workers, shifting the mode of economic development from investing in material goods to investing in people. China believes that only by achieving high-quality population development on a higher level and on a larger scale can it provide a deeper foundation for continuously cultivating new quality productivity.

Chinese-style modernization is modernization for the common prosperity of all people. With its large population, China must create social wealth commensurate with its population size. Developing new quality productivity helps cultivate new economic growth points and economic growth poles, thereby ensuring sustainable growth and expanding the total amount of social wealth. China is improving its income distribution mechanism around developing new quality productivity, which helps narrow the gap between the rich and the poor and provides strong support for achieving common prosperity.

The development of new quality productivity will also bring about a new economic form that serves more of “human modernization.” This means that in modernized production and life, people will show stronger subjectivity, creativity, and civility. The development of new quality productivity provides greater possibilities for achieving comprehensive human development and adds a stronger humanistic care to human modernization.

4.3.3 Boosting Development Confidence in the Global South and Promoting Civilizational Exchange

Science and technology belong to the era and the world. The practice of Chinese-style modernization empowered by new quality productivity is good news for the Global South. China’s technological innovation, industrial upgrading, and transformation experiences will open up new realistic paths for the modernization of late-developing countries and promote the global economy towards a more diverse and balanced future.

China does not pursue isolated modernization but looks forward to achieving modernization together with other countries, including many developing countries. This vision is both aspirational and challenging. On one hand, the dominance of capital, moving from industrial expansion to financial expansion, has led to economic hollowing out and widening wealth gaps in some countries. Some countries restrict the flow of innovative elements such as knowledge, technology, and talent, suppressing the competitive industries of other countries and hindering global development. On the other hand, late-developing countries have long been trapped in the “comparative advantage trap,” unable to break through the bottleneck of “dependent modernization” and achieve an equal and autonomous leap in productivity development.

If developing countries cannot become important participants and contributors in the process of adjusting the new global economic governance system and international trade rules, they will lose discourse power and initiative in the new track of global economic and industrial development. This is especially urgent for developing countries. In shaping the international innovation ecosystem, China insists on advocating for late-developing countries, jointly promoting the global flow of innovation elements, and tapping into economic growth drivers. China believes that technological achievements should benefit all humanity rather than become tools to restrict and suppress the development of other countries. China has issued the “International Science and Technology Cooperation Initiative,” advocating for open, fair, just, and non-discriminatory international scientific and technological cooperation concepts and promoting the building of a global scientific and technological community. It has proposed the “Global Artificial Intelligence Governance Initiative,” calling for countries to strengthen information exchange and technical cooperation to form broadly consensual frameworks and standards for artificial intelligence.

China is also committed to building the “Belt and Road” into a road of innovation, cooperating to build science and technology innovation alliances and innovation bases for co-building countries, and creating opportunities and platforms for joint development. China advocates making good use of the APEC mechanism for small and medium-sized enterprises and holding the APEC Specialized New Small and Medium-sized Enterprises International Cooperation Forum to continuously build consensus on the specialized and new development of small and medium-sized enterprises.

In the face of political backlash against globalization and de-globalization, China has consistently promoted high-level institutional openness, continued technological innovation, and advocated for deeper openness, exchanges, and integration to achieve collective leaps in productivity. Standing at a new crossroads of human development, amid the unprecedented changes of the century, China is an active participant and firm supporter of economic globalization. China’s development of new quality productivity will bring broad new opportunities to the world. In the process of jointly building a community with a shared future for humanity, we believe that the international community can find a path of cooperative win-win productivity leaps, opening a new chapter of sustainable prosperity and harmonious coexistence.

Chapter Five: Exploration and Practice of Developing New Quality Productivity in Various Regions

“All regions should adhere to reality, establish before breaking, adapt measures to local conditions, and guide categorically. Based on local resource endowments, industrial foundations, and research conditions, they should selectively promote the development of new industries, new models, and new dynamics, using new technologies to transform and upgrade traditional industries, and actively promote industrial upgrading, intelligence, and greening.” [39] —Xi Jinping

According to Xi Jinping’s important instructions on developing new quality productivity and the central government’s decision and deployment, regions across China, based on the overall national development strategy, adhere to reality and adapt measures to local conditions. They are bravely exploring and accelerating the cultivation and formation of new quality productivity, continuously making progress, and emerging a batch of typical cases and practices that provide new insights and open new spaces for high-quality development.

5.1 Building the “Crown Jewel” of the Shipbuilding Industry

The “crown jewel” of the shipbuilding industry—large cruise ship construction—has brought more good news. The second domestically-produced large cruise ship has begun final assembly and installation, entering an accelerated construction phase.

On April 20, 2024, the domestically-produced large cruise ship “Ship No. 2,” measuring 341 meters in length, 37.2 meters in width, and over 140,000 tons in total weight, entered Dock No. 2 of the Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. of the China State Shipbuilding Corporation. This signifies that China has essentially formed its capability for mass design and construction of cruise ships.

In November 2023, the first domestically-produced large cruise ship, “Adora Magic City,” was named and delivered, giving China a significant position in the global large cruise ship design and construction field. In January 2024, “Adora Magic City” began its maiden commercial voyage, entering the lives of ordinary people.

Globally, domestically-produced large cruise ships have broken the long-term monopoly of European and American countries. Currently, China’s vast consumer market and rich application scenarios provide a broad scope for the industrial development of these national heavyweights.

These “heavyweights” possess inherent greatness. This is not only due to the massive scale of their million- or even ten-million-piece components but also due to the significant challenges of comprehensive research, integrated innovation, key breakthroughs, and industrial upgrades.

With the assembly of large cruise ships, large LNG ships, and aircraft carriers, the shipbuilding industry’s “three pearls” are now complete. From these advanced manufacturing high-end equipment and iconic achievements in technological innovation, one can trace the internal logic of China’s high-end manufacturing industry climbing to new heights.

First, consider practical capability. From the construction base of domestically-produced large cruise ships—Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., hundreds of large ships have sailed into the global shipping market. Be it ultra-large container ships or offshore oil drilling platforms, they have all been conquered one by one. These are leading projects in China’s new industrialization development. Designing and constructing large cruise ships represents a new advancement in the strength of China’s shipbuilding industry. Domestically-produced large cruise ships have integrated 1,500 suppliers worldwide, forming a “map” of the cruise ship supply chain, laying a solid foundation for mass construction of large cruise ships.

Second, consider innovation capability. High-end equipment itself is a “proving ground” for innovation capabilities. Through the large cruise ship project, China established its first national cruise ship design team and trained a core group of key personnel in large cruise ship R&D and design. Through cross-verification of basic scientific research and practical ship engineering, multiple key technologies have been overcome, including overall layout, aesthetic design, safe return to port, and alternative design.

A single ship is an innovation platform, an industrial chain, and an open window. In 2023, China’s three main shipbuilding indicators achieved overall growth, with its international market share exceeding 50% for the first time. Statistics show that out of the 18 major types of ships globally, China ranks first in new orders for 14 types.

Third, consider driving capability. Large cruise ships, with their complex integration of “giant system” engineering and lean processes, become the pinnacle product of high-end equipment in the shipbuilding industry. High-end equipment is a proving ground for innovation capabilities. With the realization of mass production, domestically-produced large cruise ships are becoming increasingly localized. Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. continues to strengthen international cooperation while steadily increasing the rate of domestic components, promoting the construction of a domestic cruise ship support industry cluster and forming a complete cruise ship industrial chain.

Currently, besides the “Ship No. 2” domestically-produced large cruise ship, Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding is also accelerating the research and design development of ultra-large, medium, and small cruise ships, aiming to develop a series and large-scale development of cruise ship products, ultimately forming a fleet of domestically-produced large cruise ships. Through the cruise ship project, it helps to build an industrial innovation system integrating technology demand, product development, technological innovation, technology verification, and industrialization.

5.2 Anhui is Building a Quantum Innovation Development Zone

In recent years, quantum technology has developed rapidly. In Anhui, which is dedicated to building a development zone for quantum information innovation, the quantum industry is thriving, currently gathering over 60 enterprises in the quantum technology industry chain, ranking among the top in the country.

In the High-tech Zone of Hefei, where the Institute of Advanced Technology of the University of Science and Technology of China is located, Yunfei Road has become known as “Quantum Street” due to the presence of dozens of quantum technology industry chain enterprises. The world’s first thousand-kilometer quantum secure communication “Beijing-Shanghai Trunk Line,” the world’s first quantum science experimental satellite “Micius,” and the “Jiuzhang” quantum computing prototype, which achieved the milestone of “quantum computational superiority,” were all born here or nearby.

In 2023, the first national-level “Quantum Information Future Industry Technology Park” was inaugurated in the High-tech Zone of Hefei. Moving from laboratory achievements to “Quantum Street” applications, and then to the technology park, the three major directions of the quantum communication, quantum computing, and quantum precision measurement industry chains are entering the fast lane of technological industrialization, enhancing productivity levels in application fields.

How has a central province been able to speed along the new track of quantum information?

Technological innovation is key. Anhui has formed a basic research system for quantum information, including multiple research institutions. In recent years, it has successfully constructed the “Jiuzhang 3” quantum computing prototype with 255 photons and the “Zuchongzhi 2” programmable superconducting quantum computing prototype with 66 qubits. At the same time, it has gradually established a mechanism for transitioning cutting-edge research into practical applications, set up several technology achievement transformation platforms, and facilitated the local conversion and incubation of technological achievements from universities and research institutes, allowing quantum technology to develop faster.

Scenario innovation is an important exploration for shortening the distance between basic innovation and application. Anhui opens up various fields such as enterprise production and government applications, providing real demonstration opportunities for new technologies, new products, and innovative solutions from tech companies, accelerating the application and iteration of technological achievements.

Thanks to the openness of government scenarios, in 2012, when QuantumCTek started, it completed the construction of the Hefei Metropolitan Area Quantum Communication Test and Demonstration Network. This was the world’s first large-scale quantum communication network and an important milestone for QuantumCTek‘s quantum communication technology moving from the laboratory to engineering. Today, the Hefei Quantum Metropolitan Area Network has been built and is operational, laying 1,147 kilometers of network fiber, covering eight core nodes and 159 user nodes, providing quantum secure access services and data transmission services.

Enterprises are the main body of innovation, and innovation is the source of vitality for enterprises. Through implementing major scientific and technological projects, building innovation platforms, and introducing enterprise talents, Hefei currently ranks first among cities in the country for the cumulative number of quantum patents applied.

At Guoyi Quantum, in 2023, nearly 30% of the company’s investment was in research and development, with nearly 70% of its 600 employees engaged in R&D. With support from key R&D projects and talent policies, Guoyi Quantum has adhered to original innovation and made breakthroughs in several key core technologies. Now, its quantum measurement technology has been applied to various fields such as oil exploration, life sciences, and aerospace, with the company’s order volume exceeding 500 million yuan last year.

5.3 Hangzhou’s Western Science and Innovation Corridor Fostering New Growth Engines

Opening the map of Hangzhou, from the eastern starting point at the Zijin’gang Campus of Zhejiang University, passing through the Zijin’gang Science City, Future Science City, Qingshan Lake Science City, to the western end at Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, stretches a broad “corridor” spanning 39 kilometers and covering an area of about 416 square kilometers. This is the Hangzhou Western Science and Innovation Corridor.

From a drone’s perspective, the corridor is futuristic. The “National Heavy Equipment” hypergravity experiment facility looks like a spaceship spreading its wings, surrounded by Zhejiang Province’s five laboratories, including the Zhijiang Laboratory and the Westlake Laboratory. The area is home to 3,354 national high-tech enterprises, 91 national science and innovation platforms, and 580,000 professional and technical talents. Since 2023, 80 new enterprises have been established here every working day, providing continuous momentum for high-quality economic development.

The bionic hand that lit the main torch at the opening ceremony of the Hangzhou Asian Para Games and the quadruped robot dog patrolling quietly 8 meters underground in the Asian Games Village, are both high-tech products from the corridor.

Entering the corridor, in the exhibition hall of Zhejiang Strong Brain Technology Co., Ltd., the only unicorn enterprise in the field of brain-machine interfaces in China, Ni Mincheng, an experience officer who lost both hands, wrote the phrase “Good Luck and Happiness!” using an intelligent bionic hand, impressing everyone with his calligraphy.

Currently, the corridor is committed to building world-class digital technology and strategic emerging industrial clusters. According to industry experts, for many years, the corridor has accumulated a strong market foundation for industrial development through relevant policies that encourage talent introduction, technology research and development, and guide market applications, creating a distinctly advantageous industrial environment.

“The biggest feature of the corridor is that it creates an innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem that brings together five major elements: a proactive government, prestigious universities, leading enterprises, diverse investors, and entrepreneurs,” said Fang Yi, chairman of Daily Interactive. These five elements ensure long-term and sustainable policy support, talent output, technological innovation, capital support, and entrepreneurial projects for industrial development.

To better serve enterprises and promote high-quality development, Hangzhou has introduced special policies for the corridor’s industries, talents, and technology. Since last year, more than 30 municipal departments have connected with the corridor to provide services. Significant progress has been made in building a talent “reservoir,” public facilities, and intelligent governance.

In April 2023, from winning a high-level cybersecurity competition to leading his team to settle a startup in Dream Town in the corridor, 26-year-old Mu Haowen took only three days. According to Mu, the corridor’s understanding of their team project was impressive, and the entrepreneurial atmosphere, industrial support, and enthusiastic services here were irresistible.

Currently, the corridor is leveraging its innovation foundation to accelerate the cultivation of new economic growth engines. In 2023, the corridor achieved an industrial added value of 350 billion yuan, with high-tech industries contributing over 85%.

5.4 Beijing’s “Star Valley” Boosts the Dream of a Space Power

In Zhongguancun, Beijing, along the Beiqing Road corridor north of Houhuancun and south of Dongyuhe, numerous commercial satellite and industry chain enterprises are clustered in an area known as “Star Valley.” A batch of commercial satellites have been launched from here, heading into space and creating numerous highlights in commercial spaceflight.

“3, 2, 1, ignition!” On April 28, 2024, in Beijing’s “Star Valley,” the krypton gas electric propulsion engine tailored for space satellites by Aotian Technology Co., Ltd. was undergoing an ignition test in the intelligent manufacturing workshop.

Liu Tongbo, R&D director of Aotian Technology, said this self-developed new energy engine for satellites can save 90% of the propellant, reduce the satellite’s mass by 40%, and efficiently and cost-effectively assist satellites in quickly reaching their orbits.

Aotian Technology, the technology company behind this innovation, was established only six years ago and has already achieved leading positions in on-orbit orders, product deliveries, application numbers, and technology maturity. This is just a glimpse of Beijing “Star Valley’s” pursuit of the space dream.

Beijing is one of the birthplaces of China’s space industry. In Haidian District, where “Star Valley” is located, institutions like the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences are clustered, making it the main hub of the “Northern Star” in Beijing’s “Southern Arrow Northern Star” industry layout. This area hosts nearly 200 commercial space industry chain enterprises and institutions, initially forming a complete industrial chain ecosystem covering satellite manufacturing, satellite measurement and control, satellite operation, and more.

With a relentless focus on cutting-edge technologies, targeting bottleneck areas and industry gaps, “Star Valley” has built its unique advantages through technological innovation.

Jiang Ke, chairman of Zhongguancun Eagle Valley (Beijing) Technology Service Co., Ltd., the operator of “Star Valley,” said that although the companies here have been established for a short time, many are “small but fast,” achieving the leap from “village high-tech” to “national high-tech” within a few years.

Guoke Tiancheng, with steadily rising performance and annual revenue exceeding 500 million yuan, has reaped the benefits of independent research and development. Recently, its self-developed infrared components, known for their high cost-performance ratio, have led to expedited orders from the overseas market.

The high demand for products is inseparable from the company’s deep cultivation in the optoelectronic field and emphasis on independent research and development. Luo Juedian, chairman of Guoke Tiancheng, remarked that the path of innovation is a marathon with no endpoint. Moving forward step by step is the only way to achieve one breakthrough after another.

The mechanisms for pioneering innovation, proactive services, and allowing innovators to develop without distractions have further encouraged innovation. In 2024, Beijing issued the Action Plan for Accelerating the Innovative Development of Commercial Spaceflight (2024-2028), and Haidian District released the Action Plan for Building a Commercial Spaceflight Innovation Development Zone (2024-2028), coordinating resources at both the municipal and district levels to improve the quality of the industry chain, open up application scenarios, and optimize the innovation ecosystem.

Targeting key core areas such as satellite networking and communications, space remote sensing, and monitoring, Beijing has established the Beijing Natural Science Foundation Commercial Spaceflight Joint Fund to support original innovation. The fund has accumulated a scale of up to 3.8 billion yuan, with 39 enterprises in seven districts of Beijing already participating.

The influence of “Star Valley” is expanding, consolidating new advantages in regional development. Now, Haidian District in Beijing is striving towards the new goal of “double hundred and double thousand”—aiming to build 1 million square meters of industrial space, cultivate 100 specialized and new enterprises, have over 1,000 operational satellites, and achieve a commercial spaceflight industry scale exceeding 100 billion yuan by 2028. This will contribute new strength to accelerating breakthroughs in aerospace information technology and realizing the dream of becoming a space power.

5.5 “China Optical Valley” Standing Out in the Optoelectronics Information Industry

Established in 1988, the Wuhan East Lake High-Tech Zone is the birthplace of China’s first optical fiber and the national optoelectronics information industry base, known for its scale and innovation strength, earning it the name “China Optical Valley.” Currently, it houses 16,000 optoelectronics information enterprises, covering the entire industry chain from optical fiber applications to the extension of optical chips, screens, terminals, and networks, with a regional GDP exceeding 270 billion yuan.

Many “firsts” and “innovations” have been born here, such as the first 400G coherent commercial silicon photonic transceiver chip in China, the world-leading 232-layer 3D NAND flash memory chip, and the first 100,000-watt industrial fiber laser in China.

One optical fiber has led to the creation of a world-class optoelectronics information industry base. “China Optical Valley” focuses on “light” leadership, is determined to achieve “chip” breakthroughs, promotes the rise of “screens,” fosters the growth of “terminals,” and strengthens “network” empowerment. It deeply implements the chain construction, supplementation, and extension plan, creating internationally competitive industrial clusters.

Focusing on core technologies, a number of optoelectronics information enterprises in “China Optical Valley” have strengthened their awareness of independent innovation and opened up the market not only in China but also overseas, firmly grasping the leading role in industry development.

Wuhan Raycus Fiber Laser Technologies Co., Ltd., one of China’s largest optical communication device suppliers, is also a high-tech enterprise focusing on the systematic and strategic research and development of optoelectronic devices. The company’s R&D personnel seized the trend of optical fiber communication bandwidth evolving towards the C++ band and developed optical fiber amplifier products in 2020, setting an international standard in this field.

China Information and Communication Technologies Group Corporation (CICT) has adhered to independent research and development, owning over 20,000 patents, 90% of which are invention patents, leading the formulation of more than 80 related international standards, and cultivating a team of standard talents with international vision and specialized technology.

“China Optical Valley” is committed to building a batch of scientific research infrastructure, gathering talents from around the world, establishing an innovation ecosystem, and creating open and shared research centers. The Hubei Jiufengshan Laboratory is one such facility.

“Scientific and technological innovation must ‘go from 0 to 1’ and also achieve the breakthrough ‘from 1 to 10,'” said Ding Qichao, director of Hubei Jiufengshan Laboratory. The laboratory has built an industry-leading compound semiconductor infrastructure, including a 9,000 square meter cleanroom and first-class compound semiconductor processes, testing, and materials platforms.

Currently, hundreds of projects are operating simultaneously, focusing on joint exploration and technological breakthroughs around common key technological bottlenecks with academia and industry, and promoting the integrated development of production, education, and research.

Here, incubation acceleration and manufacturing bases have also been established. In the south of Hubei Jiufengshan Laboratory, R&D office buildings, pilot workshops, cleanrooms, conference centers, and talent apartments have been initiated, and the “government-industry-academia-research-finance-service-use” innovation community is expected to yield more fruitful results.

5.6 China Western Science and Technology Innovation Harbor Creates a “University Without Walls”

At the China Western Science and Technology Innovation Harbor of Xi’an Jiaotong University, the research platform of the New Energy Storage and Energy Conversion Nanomaterials Research Center is conducting experiments on various energy storage and conversion materials. Since its establishment, this shared technology platform has not only achieved several technological breakthroughs but also incubated five enterprises in the new energy field, involving lithium batteries, sodium batteries, hydrogen production, and hydrogen storage.

One such enterprise is Xi’an 1908 New Energy Technology Co., Ltd. This high-tech company, founded on the original scientific achievements of Xi’an Jiaotong University, has developed a series of new high-density solid-state hydrogen storage materials to address the challenges in the hydrogen energy storage and transportation industry. These materials meet the needs for long-term hydrogen storage and long-distance transportation and can be widely used in industrial hydrogen supply, power energy, and mobile applications. The technology is at the forefront internationally.

“Emerging field enterprises cannot grow without the nourishment of universities in their early stages,” said Cheng Yonghong, the company’s founder and a professor at Xi’an Jiaotong University. Before the pilot platform was built and put into use, the company operated in a neighborhood just across the wall from the Innovation Harbor, to ensure seamless connection of personnel, information, and other elements. In these aspects, Xi’an Jiaotong University plays a crucial supporting role.

China Western Science and Technology Innovation Harbor is an important platform for Shaanxi Province and Xi’an Jiaotong University to actively integrate into the co-construction of the “Belt and Road” initiative, implement innovation-driven development, and promote the development of the western region. The first phase in Xixian New Area, Xi’an, consists of the platform area, academy area, and incubation area. The platform area has established eight major platforms, 30 research institutes, and over 300 scientific research platforms in the four major directions of science, engineering, medicine, and humanities, gathering 30,000 scientific and technological talents.

As a powerful carrier of Xi’an Jiaotong University’s concept of “running a university without walls,” China Western Science and Technology Innovation Harbor actively explores a new model of deep integration of industry, academia, and research with “one center, one incubation, two focuses, and one sharing.” It focuses on gathering global innovation resources, aligning with national development strategies, meeting local industrial needs, introducing various financial capitals, cultivating a good innovation ecosystem, and nurturing excellent innovative talents. So far, it has conducted pragmatic cooperation with more than 170 leading enterprises and scientific research institutions.

Further explorations are underway: emphasizing systematic and task-oriented innovation consortia, anchoring major goals, and making the connection between academia and industry closer. By introducing financial capital, it establishes technology achievement transformation incubators carried by large enterprises, ensuring “maturation of one batch, incubation of one batch.” Leveraging the attractiveness of “double first-class” universities, it establishes a mechanism for recruiting, cultivating, and utilizing high-end overseas talents jointly by universities and enterprises, striving to achieve win-win situations for schools, enterprises, and governments.

“In the innovation consortium, both universities and enterprises form ‘scientist + engineer’ teams, breaking the traditional cooperation model of ‘Party A and Party B, one project, one contract, one fund,’ accelerating the deep integration of industry, academia, and research led by enterprises,” said Lu Jianjun, Party Secretary of Xi’an Jiaotong University.

Since 2021, Xi’an Jiaotong University has identified 1,300 easily convertible achievements from over 30,000 existing technological results and pushed them to enterprises. The university has transferred or licensed more than 1,000 patents, resulting in the establishment of 204 technology-based enterprises.

5.7 Shandong Accelerates Digital-Physical Integration to Promote Industrial Digitization

In the final assembly workshop of Weichai Group’s No. 1 Factory in Weifang High-tech Industrial Development Zone, industrial robots swiftly “fly,” and automated guided vehicles (AGVs) busily move about. From material delivery to online testing, and then to production pace improvement, real-time monitoring and dynamic adjustments are made, achieving 99% automation. The continuously changing numbers on electronic displays throughout the workshop reflect the production progress, with a diesel engine rolling off the production line every 85 seconds on average.

As one of the first national smart manufacturing pilot demonstration projects, Weichai has accelerated the integration and application of new-generation information technology and manufacturing. Various smart manufacturing technologies such as visual recognition, online detection, and robotics are widely used in the production process. The information support platform, like a “digital brain,” covers the entire product lifecycle, promoting intelligent, automated, and digital production, extending to the entire enterprise operation.

Weichai is a typical example of Shandong accelerating digital-physical integration, promoting the transformation and upgrading of traditional manufacturing industries to develop new quality productivity.

In recent years, Shandong has introduced a series of policies, including the “Opinions on Accelerating the High-Quality Development of the Digital Economy” and the “Action Plan for the Digital Transformation of Shandong’s Manufacturing Industry (2022-2025).” It has created the nation’s first SME digital transformation promotion center, launched ten major digital industrialization projects and eight major industrial digitalization actions, strengthened the digital talent team, and established a 10 billion yuan special fund at the provincial level. Shandong ranks among the top in the country in terms of the number of national industrial internet platforms, industrial digitalization index, manufacturing digital transformation index, and digital-physical integration index.

Building industrial internet platforms is an important starting point for promoting industrial digitization. Shandong has continuously carried out the “Industrial Empowerment Shandong” special action, accelerating the large-scale application of industrial internet, and striving to create a batch of typical scenarios to drive the batch digital transformation of enterprises.

In Linqing City, known as “China’s Bearing Town,” more than 400 enterprises and over 5,000 devices in the city’s bearing industry have gone “cloud-based” relying on the industrial internet platform. The average labor and energy consumption of relevant enterprises has reduced by 20%, greatly enhancing competitiveness.

Currently, Shandong has 47 national industrial internet platforms, with more than 10 million industrial devices connected to provincial-level platforms and serving over 300,000 enterprises nationwide.

To achieve data aggregation, connectivity, and use among the government, industries, and enterprises, Shandong has vigorously promoted the construction of the “Industrial Brain.” Shandong has cultivated 32 provincial-level “Industrial Brains” and the provincial-level capability center of the “Industrial Brain” has gathered 957 “small, fast, light, accurate” products and solutions, serving 49,500 small and micro enterprises. The “Industrial Brain” for the special vehicle industry, created by Inspur Yunzhou, has reduced the supply-demand matching time for raw materials in the industry by 70%, and the production cost of multiple special vehicle parts has decreased by nearly a quarter.

Meanwhile, Shandong continues to advance digital infrastructure. By the end of 2023, Shandong had built and launched 202,000 5G base stations, 11,800 kilometers of deterministic networks, connected 29 top-level nodes of the industrial internet identification system, and had 230 million registered IoT terminals in use.

In 2023, the digital transformation coverage rate of Shandong’s above-scale industrial enterprises reached 87.3%, and the application penetration rate of the industrial internet in characteristic industrial clusters of small and medium-sized enterprises reached 50%. Shandong plans for the digital transformation coverage rate of above-scale industrial enterprises to reach about 90% in 2024, with the digital economy accounting for more than 50% of the province’s GDP by 2025.

5.8 Chongqing’s Practice in the New Energy Vehicle Industry

In mid-April 2024, German Chancellor Olaf Scholz visited China, with his first stop being Chongqing, a southwestern municipality. He visited Bosch Hydrogen Power Systems (Chongqing) Co., Ltd., accompanied by executives from automotive giants like Mercedes-Benz and BMW.

As a major hub of China’s automotive industry, Chongqing has seized the opportunities in the new energy vehicle (NEV) industry in recent years, focusing on building an NEV innovation development zone. Chongqing has formed a full industry chain “map,” based on 16 NEV manufacturers and about 200 supporting enterprises above a certain scale, covering pure electric, range-extended, hybrid, and hydrogen power technologies, integrating intelligent networking and autonomous driving technologies.

In 2023, Bosch Hydrogen Power Systems (Chongqing) Co., Ltd. shipped more than 1,000 hydrogen powertrain products, ranking among the top domestically. Based on these achievements, one of its parent companies, Qingling Motors, has successively launched hydrogen-powered commercial vehicles ranging from 4.5 tons to 18 tons, leading the way in the industrialization of cutting-edge technologies.

At Changan Automobile’s global R&D center, rows of technologically advanced and stylish NEVs are displayed, showcasing the latest technological achievements such as all-electric digital platforms and high-computing-power central computing platforms. Changan Automobile Chairman Zhu Huarong said that the company has continued to increase R&D investment over the years, mastering over 600 technologies in intelligent connectivity and intelligent driving.

In building the NEV innovation development zone, Chongqing recognizes that it requires not only meticulous work and leapfrogging by complete vehicle and supporting enterprises but also the support of ICT and internet companies. Targeting the trend of cross-industry cooperation, Chongqing has introduced companies like Huawei and Baidu in recent years, promoting pioneering technologies and pilot demonstrations, effectively driving industrial development.

With a mobile app, a passenger can summon a driverless car to take them to their destination and then leave on its own. This smart travel scenario unfolds daily in Yongchuan District, Chongqing. In 2022, Baidu began fully driverless autonomous driving commercial operations in Yongchuan, using scene applications to drive industry implementation. This has attracted more than ten companies, including CoolWow Technology and JuSpeed Millimeter Wave Radar, to gather momentum.

Technological innovation has boosted product competitiveness. In the first quarter of 2024, Chongqing’s NEV production growth rate exceeded 100% year-on-year, with annual production expected to reach 1 million units. Chongqing Seres Automotive achieved its first quarterly profit of 220 million yuan. Thanks to the jointly developed high-end brand AITO with Huawei, Huawei’s automotive software and hardware technologies have flourished in Seres Automotive, with the AITO brand accumulating nearly 300,000 sales, including over 120,000 deliveries of the AITO New M7 model.

“Chongqing is now focusing on the comprehensive development of vehicle R&D and manufacturing, key components supporting and application scenario construction, charging and battery-swapping infrastructure, to create a trillion-yuan intelligent connected NEV industry cluster,” said a representative from the Chongqing Municipal Economic and Information Technology Commission. Chongqing is also actively promoting innovative applications in autonomous driving and vehicle networking, accelerating the deep integration of software, artificial intelligence, and the automotive industry to prepare for the future development of the automotive industry.

5.9 Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Builds Active Technology Clusters

Thanks to the Tianhe-2 supercomputer in Guangzhou and high-efficiency, high-precision algorithmic analysis technology, Associate Professor Lin Zanyu from the University of Hong Kong can more conveniently track the origin, transmission, and evolution of important pathogens from vast amounts of pathogen gene data and other epidemiological and ecological data.

Similarly, with the assistance of the Guangzhou supercomputer, Professor Gan Jianping’s team from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology’s Marine Dynamics and Simulation Research Group developed a new three-dimensional, high-resolution multi-scale ocean circulation model for China, achieving significant breakthroughs in their scientific research.

“Over the past five years, more than 200 faculty members from HKUST have used the Guangzhou supercomputer. The platform provided by the Guangzhou Supercomputing Center allows us to do things that we couldn’t do before,” said Gao Min, Dean of the Fok Ying Tung Research Institute at HKUST.

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is rich in scientific and technological resources and has active innovation and entrepreneurship. In recent years, the three regions have worked together to promote the construction of the Greater Bay Area International Science and Technology Innovation Center and the Comprehensive National Science Center, enhancing the efficient connection of innovation elements, continuously improving innovation efficiency, and vigorously developing innovative industries, unleashing the “Bay Area Power” of technological innovation.

In the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), marine technology forces in the Greater Bay Area are collaborating. The laboratory has its headquarters in Nansha, Guangzhou, and branches in Hong Kong and Shenzhen, with 38 million yuan RMB allocated to the Hong Kong branch.

“Hong Kong and mainland scientific exchanges are expanding, with various aspects creating conditions to encourage Hong Kong scientists to participate in mainland scientific programs,” said Qian Peiyuan, Director of the Hong Kong branch of the laboratory and founding chair of the Department of Ocean Science at HKUST.

Collaborative talent recruitment has also accelerated. The Hengqin Guangdong-Macao In-Depth Cooperation Zone leverages the combined advantages of the systems and resources of both regions, exploring a new mode of talent recruitment coordination between Hengqin and Macao, fully utilizing the “talent pool” function of the University of Macau and Macau University of Science and Technology, and introducing and gathering a group of high-level professionals familiar with international market operations who are eager to innovate and start businesses.

Cities within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area have their own distinctive advantages. Guangzhou is home to numerous universities and research institutes with outstanding basic research capabilities, hosting national laboratories, comprehensive national technology innovation centers, and major national scientific infrastructure platforms. Shenzhen’s enterprise strength is prominent, with 94% of total social R&D investment coming from enterprises. Hong Kong boasts five universities among the world’s top 100, and the Hong Kong government has announced the “Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Development Blueprint,” investing over 200 billion HKD in recent years to accelerate the development of the innovation ecosystem.

Thanks to complementary advantages between cities, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area continues to unleash the immense potential of technological cluster development. The Global Innovation Index (GII) 2023, released by the World Intellectual Property Organization in September 2023, ranks the Shenzhen-Hong Kong-Guangzhou cluster second globally, marking the fourth consecutive year that this technology cluster has ranked second worldwide.

Currently, the alignment of science and technology innovation rules and mechanisms in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is further deepening, actively promoting the free flow of funds, talent, taxes, and logistics to better gather innovation elements. This also means that under the “One Country, Two Systems” framework, promoting interaction and openness between different systems and frameworks will generate more synergy, enabling better integrated development in basic research, applied technology, and other areas in the Bay Area.

5.10 Chengdu-Chongqing Jointly Building Western Science City to Form an Innovation Development Zone

“Currently, the platform has launched 272 sets of instruments and equipment, published 232 technical service lists, and provided thousands of professional services to more than 100 integrated circuit design enterprises from Chengdu, Chongqing, and nationwide,” said the head of the Business Development Center of the Integrated Circuit Design Innovation Public Platform in Tianfu New Area.

This public platform, known as the “Chip Hospital” located in Western (Chengdu) Science City, can solve technical problems in concept verification, product development, and pilot production for enterprises, significantly reducing R&D costs and shortening R&D cycles for chip companies in Chengdu and Chongqing.

Since the Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle was proposed four years ago, the two cities have focused on building a nationally influential science and technology innovation center and jointly establishing the Western Science City at a high level.

In recent years, Western (Chengdu) Science City has formed a spatial layout of “one core, four zones, and multiple bases,” constructing a high-level laboratory system of “national laboratory + provincial laboratories + key laboratories,” accelerating the construction of the first national laboratory in the western region, and building a large-scale facility cluster with related disciplinary directions and supporting functions. Western (Chongqing) Science City is focusing on building four major innovation development zones in digital intelligence technology, life and health, new materials, and green and low-carbon technology, deeply developing 16 key areas such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, cloud computing, and big data.

Focusing on jointly building the Western Science City, Chengdu and Chongqing are advancing together, optimizing and strengthening the core functions of innovation source transformation and cultivating and expanding the modern industrial system. A new pattern of continuously gathering innovation resources and actively releasing innovation vitality is taking shape.

First, collaboratively layout major innovation platforms. As of the end of March this year, the number of national key laboratories in Sichuan and Chongqing has reached 27, with 319 major scientific platforms, 22 newly established national science and innovation bases, and 316 national-level innovation platforms. Currently, more than 10,000 large-scale instruments and equipment in Western Science City have achieved open sharing, and more than 160 core technology research projects jointly implemented by Sichuan and Chongqing have solved a number of problems.

Second, deepen industry-research cooperation with complementary advantages. Enterprises in Sichuan Tianfu New Area have carried out nine scientific research projects in collaboration with research institutions in Chongqing, including the aerospace industrial data and detection company that received support from Chengdu’s regional cooperation science and technology project; the Chengdu Supercomputing Center has established cooperative relationships with over 50 users, including the Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chongqing Seres Automobile.

Third, focus on distinctive strengths to drive science and technology services. Chengdu and Chongqing regard science and technology services as an important starting point for promoting technological innovation and achievement transformation. For example, the Tianfu International Technology Transfer Center has collaborated with the Liangjiang New Area Mingyue Lake Collaborative Innovation Research Institute to further explore innovation and connection of resources and elements between the two regions.

Driven by the joint construction of the Western Science City, the technological energy transform research success into products in Sichuan and Chongqing is being fully mobilized. The two regions have gathered nearly 70,000 technology enterprises, 21,000 high-tech enterprises, and achieved a technology contract transaction value of over 280 billion yuan.

Conclusion

Since its inception, the Communist Party of China has represented the development demands of China’s advanced productive forces and has shouldered the historical mission of transforming old production relations and establishing new ones.

Developing new quality productivity is an intrinsic requirement and an important focal point for promoting high-quality development. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee, with Xi Jinping at its core, has regarded the further liberation and development of productive forces in society as the most fundamental and urgent task to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, guiding China’s economy into a stage of high-quality development. In pursuing the inevitable logic of developing new quality productivity, achieving high-quality development, and building a modern socialist country, the formation and development of new quality productivity will provide important support for China to adapt to the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation trends, as it strives to achieve sustainable and leapfrog development of productive forces in society, and advancing the modernization of China in an all-rounded manner to build a strong socialist modern country.

Productivity is the fundamental driving force of human social development. In the face of common global challenges, new quality productivity will open new ideas and spaces for the development of human social productivity, capable of promoting China’s own modernization and benefiting the modernization process of many developing countries and even the all of human society.

Annotations

“Xi Jinping Emphasized Accelerating the Development of New Quality Productivity and Steadily Advancing High-Quality Development at the Eleventh Collective Study Session of the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau,” Xinhua News Agency, February 1, 2024.
“Xi Jinping Emphasized Accelerating the Development of New Quality Productivity and Steadily Advancing High-Quality Development at the Eleventh Collective Study Session of the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau,” Xinhua News Agency, February 1, 2024.
“Collected Works of Marx and Engels,” Volume 7, People’s Publishing House, December 2009.
“Capital: Volume I,” People’s Publishing House, April 2018.
“Review of Contemporary Chinese Marxism (Volume 2),” Social Sciences Academic Press, April 2018.
“The Communist Manifesto,” People’s Publishing House, January 2015.
“Collected Works of Mao Zedong,” Volume 7, People’s Publishing House, June 1999.
“Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, Volume III,” People’s Publishing House, April 2001.
“Xi Jinping: Earnestly Unite Ideological Understanding with the Spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth CPC Central Committee,” Xinhua News Agency, December 31, 2013.
“Xi Jinping Emphasized Persisting in the View that Technology is the Primary Productive Force, Talent is the Primary Resource, and Innovation is the Primary Driver,” Xinhua News Agency, October 16, 2022.
“Xi Jinping Emphasized Promoting the Whole Party’s Study and Mastery of Historical Materialism to Better Understand the Laws and More Proactively Promote Work at the Eleventh Collective Study Session of the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau,” Xinhua News Agency, December 4, 2013.
“Xi Jinping Emphasized Accelerating the Development of New Quality Productivity and Steadily Advancing High-Quality Development at the Eleventh Collective Study Session of the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau,” Xinhua News Agency, February 1, 2024.
“Collected Works of Marx and Engels,” Volume 3, People’s Publishing House, October 2002.
“Xi Jinping: Speech at the Commemoration of the 200th Anniversary of the Birth of Karl Marx,” Xinhua News Agency, May 4, 2018.
“Xi Jinping: Hold High the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive for the Comprehensive Construction of a Modern Socialist Country—Report at the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,” Xinhua News Agency, October 25, 2022.
National Bureau of Statistics: “Statistical Bulletin of the People’s Republic of China on National Economic and Social Development 2023,” February 2024.
“Xi Jinping Emphasized Accelerating the Development of New Quality Productivity and Steadily Advancing High-Quality Development at the Eleventh Collective Study Session of the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau,” Xinhua News Agency, February 1, 2024.
“Collected Works of Marx and Engels,” People’s Publishing House, 2009.
“Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping (Complete Three Volumes),” People’s Publishing House, 1994.
“Xi Jinping Emphasized Persisting in Reform and Innovation, Seeking Truth and Being Pragmatic During an Inspection in Hunan to Strive to Write a New Chapter of Chinese Modernization in Hunan. Cai Qi Accompanied the Inspection,” Xinhua News Agency, March 21, 2024.
“Xi Jinping: Speech at the 19th Academician Conference of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the 14th Academician Conference of the Chinese Academy of Engineering,” Xinhua News Agency, May 28, 2018.
“Xi Jinping Emphasized Earnestly Strengthening Basic Research and Laying a Solid Foundation for Scientific and Technological Self-Reliance at the Third Collective Study Session of the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau,” Xinhua News Agency, February 22, 2023.
“Xi Jinping Presided over the Symposium on Promoting Comprehensive Revitalization of Northeast China in the New Era, Emphasizing Firmly Grasping the Important Mission of Northeast China and Striving to Write a New Chapter of Comprehensive Revitalization of Northeast China. Cai Qi and Ding Xuexiang Attended,” Xinhua News Agency, September 9, 2023.
“Xi Jinping Emphasized Adapting to Local Conditions to Develop New Quality Productivity at the Review Session of the Jiangsu Delegation,” Xinhua News Agency, March 5, 2024.
“Xi Jinping Emphasized Accelerating the Development of New Quality Productivity and Steadily Advancing High-Quality Development at the Eleventh Collective Study Session of the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau,” Xinhua News Agency, February 1, 2024.
“Xi Jinping: Speech at the Symposium of Experts in Economic and Social Fields,” Xinhua News Agency, August 24, 2020.
“Xi Jinping Emphasized Accelerating the Development of New Quality Productivity and Steadily Advancing High-Quality Development at the Eleventh Collective Study Session of the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau,” Xinhua News Agency, February 1, 2024.
“Xi Jinping Emphasized Accelerating the Development of New Quality Productivity and Steadily Advancing High-Quality Development at the Eleventh Collective Study Session of the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau,” Xinhua News Agency, February 1, 2024.
“Xi Jinping Emphasized Accelerating the Development of New Quality Productivity and Steadily Advancing High-Quality Development at the Eleventh Collective Study Session of the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau,” Xinhua News Agency, February 1, 2024.
“Xi Jinping Emphasized Accelerating the Development of New Quality Productivity and Steadily Advancing High-Quality Development at the Eleventh Collective Study Session of the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau,” Xinhua News Agency, February 1, 2024.
“Xi Jinping Presided over the Second Meeting of the Central Committee for Comprehensive Deepening Reform, Emphasizing Building a Higher-Level Open Economic System and Gradually Shifting from Dual Control of Energy Consumption to Dual Control of Carbon Emissions,” Xinhua News Agency, July 11, 2023.
“Xi Jinping’s Keynote Speech at the Opening Ceremony of the Third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation,” Xinhua News Agency, October 18, 2023.
“Xi Jinping Accepts Credentials from New Foreign Ambassadors to China,” Xinhua News Agency, January 30, 2024.
“Bloomberg: China Will Be the Largest Contributor to Global Economic Growth in the Next Five Years, with a Contribution Rate Exceeding the Group of Seven,” Xinhua News Agency, April 20, 2024.
“Foreign Media: Hyping China’s ‘Excess Green Capacity’ Endangers Global Energy Transition,” Xinhua News Agency, April 22, 2024.
“China’s Economic Fundamentals in a Global Context,” Xinhua News Agency, February 8, 2024.
“Promoting China’s Economic Innovation and Jointly Building a Prosperous World—Xi Jinping’s Important Discussions on Developing New Quality Productivity Trigger Heated Discussions Overseas,” Xinhua News Agency, March 6, 2024.
“Xi Jinping’s Keynote Speech at the CPC and World Political Parties Summit,” Xinhua News Agency, March 15, 2023.
“Xi Jinping Emphasized Adapting to Local Conditions to Develop New Quality Productivity at the Review Session of the Jiangsu Delegation,” Xinhua News Agency, March 5, 2024.

Glossary

National Laboratory System: Refers to a platform system centered on national laboratories, supported by key national laboratories, and collaboratively operated by various scientific innovation bases. Building a rationally structured and efficiently operating national laboratory system requires accelerating the construction of national laboratories based on national goals and strategic needs, establishing a cross-disciplinary, highly collaborative research organization model, and optimizing and integrating existing national key laboratories to enhance support for innovation and industrial chains.
Future Industry: Refers to a forward-looking emerging industry driven by cutting-edge technological innovation, currently in the nascent or early industrialization stage, with significant growth potential to become a leading and pillar industry, playing a major leading and transformative role in future economic and social development.
Modern Infrastructure System: Refers to a comprehensive network formed by improving layout, optimizing structure, expanding functions, and system integration based on the development of various infrastructure fields to promote Chinese-style modernization, ensure overall national security, and create new international competitive advantages. It mainly includes transportation, energy, water conservancy, information (digital), as well as ecological, environmental, scientific, and financial infrastructure.
New Infrastructure: Refers to infrastructure that provides foundational and public services for digital transformation, intelligent upgrading, and integrated innovation, driven by technological innovation based on information networks. Its connotation is constantly expanding with the maturity and application of new technologies. Currently, it mainly includes three categories: information infrastructure, such as 5G networks and data centers; integrated infrastructure, which promotes the transformation and upgrading of traditional infrastructure through deep application of information technology, forming new infrastructure types like intelligent transportation and logistics facilities; and innovation infrastructure, which supports scientific research, technological development, and product and service development, including scientific research facilities.
Industrial Innovation Project: Refers to an important initiative to promote the development of emerging and future industries, focusing on the actual needs of major engineering project construction, strategic product development, and application scenario expansion, organizing key core technology research, pilot verification capability building, and independent innovation product application demonstrations, integrating project, base, talent, and funding resources to promote collaborative innovation among upstream, midstream, and downstream industries and large, medium, and small enterprises, creating globally competitive emerging industrial clusters, and effectively implementing innovation to create new growth points.
National Strategic Emerging Industry Cluster Development Project: Refers to a systematic project promoted by the state to seize the high ground of the new round of technological and industrial transformation and build new international competitive advantages. Through cultivating several globally influential strategic emerging industry bases, deploying a batch of internationally competitive strategic emerging industry clusters, and guiding localities to build and develop distinctive strategic emerging industry ecosystems, it promotes the integration, clustering, and ecological development of strategic emerging industries, cultivating new growth points and poles, and building a tiered development system of strategic emerging industry clusters with distinctive features, complementary advantages, and rational structures.
“AI+” Action: The “AI+” action promotes the deep integration of artificial intelligence technology with various fields of the economy and society, supporting application innovation in various industries, enabling intelligent transformation and upgrading of all sectors, improving productivity, stimulating innovation vitality, reshaping industrial ecosystems, cultivating new momentum for economic development, and forming a new form of economic and social development driven by artificial intelligence.
East Data, West Computing: In 2022, following the deployment by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council, national computing power hub nodes were established in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Yangtze River Delta, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Chengdu-Chongqing, Inner Mongolia, Guizhou, Gansu, and Ningxia, based on regional development strategies, energy structures, industrial layouts, market developments, and climate environments. These hubs are part of the national integrated computing power infrastructure layout, promoting data center cluster development and guiding data centers towards intensive, large-scale, and green development. The “East Data, West Computing” project aims to fully leverage institutional and mechanism advantages, optimize computing power resource allocation, and deepen collaboration between eastern and western computing power.
“Data Element ×” Action: Refers to focusing on key industries and fields, promoting the coordination of data elements with labor, capital, technology, and other elements, facilitating multi-scenario applications and multi-entity reuse of data, accelerating the integration of diverse data, improving total factor productivity, opening up new economic growth space, and cultivating new momentum for economic development.
Sea-Land-Air Full-Space Unmanned System Market Access Construction: The sea-land-air full-space unmanned system is a new type of logistics and transportation system integrating the operation and regulation of various unmanned equipment such as drones, unmanned vehicles, unmanned ships, and electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, along with their supporting infrastructure. This involves improving market access rules, systematically constructing policy, regulatory, standard testing, data management, and operational regulatory systems for unmanned systems, optimizing the allocation of element resources such as airspace, data computing power, communication frequencies, road rights, and national land space, forming new momentum for integrated development in low-altitude economy, logistics, and vehicle-road collaboration. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council in January 2022, the National Development and Reform Commission promoted the construction of the sea-land-air full-space unmanned system with special market access measures. In September 2023, Hefei, Anhui Province, completed the world’s first city-level application demonstration project for the full-space unmanned system. According to relevant work plans, a batch of technical standards for the sea-land-air full-space unmanned system will be released in 2024, with demonstration experience being promoted in the Hengqin Guangdong-Macao In-Depth Cooperation Zone and Nansha New Area in Guangzhou.

References

Han Wenxiu, “Consolidate and Enhance the Momentum of Economic Recovery and Improvement,” People’s Daily, January 2024.
National Development and Reform Commission, “Accelerate the Construction of a National Unified Market to Provide Strong Support for Building a New Development Pattern,” Qiushi, June 2022.
Huai Jinpeng, “Accelerate the Construction of a Strong Education Country,” People’s Daily, December 2022.
Xi Jinping Economic Thought Research Center, “Connotation Characteristics and Development Focus of New Quality Productivity,” People’s Daily, March 2024.
Sun Xuegong, Rong Chen, “China’s New Quality Productivity Injects New Momentum into Global Development,” Guangming Daily, March 2024.
Lu Yanchun, “Consolidate the Foundation of Data Element-Driven Development and Cultivate the Data Asset Value Chain,” Price Theory and Practice, No. 3, 2023.
Hu Yongjun, “Prospective Layout of Future Industries: Advantageous Conditions, Practical Exploration, and Policy Orientation,” Reform, No. 9, 2023.
Zhang Yuzhe, “Accelerate the Integrated and Clustered Development of Strategic Emerging Industries,” Economic Daily, June 2024.
He Jun, “The Economic Nature and Core Proposition of New Quality Productivity,” People’s Forum Magazine, 2024.
Yan Lianfu, “Coordinate Education, Science and Technology, Talent Work to Promote the Development of New Quality Productivity,” Guangming Daily, April 2024.
Chen Qiqing, “Improve and Perfect the Mechanism of Production Factor Participation in Distribution,” People’s Daily, March 2020.
Liu Zhibiao, “Developing New Quality Productivity Injects New Vitality into the World Economy,” Guangming Daily, April 2024.
Wu Wen, “Accelerate the Formation of New Quality Productivity Concerning China’s Modernization,” Beijing Daily, October 2023.
Xi Weijian, “New Quality Productivity Will Change the Geopolitical Landscape,” Global Times, December 2023.

Editorial Notes

The think tank report project team for “Better Empowering China’s Prosperity and the World: Theoretical Contributions and Practical Value of New Quality Productivity” is led by Fu Hua, President of Xinhua News Agency and Chairman of the Academic Committee of Xinhua News Agency’s National High-End Think Tank, with Lu Yansong, Editor-in-Chief of Xinhua News Agency, as the deputy leader, and Ren Weidong, Deputy Editor-in-Chief of Xinhua News Agency, as the executive deputy leader. The project team members include Liu Gang, Zhang Xudong, Zou Wei, An Bei, Fu Yan, Cheng Yunjie, Yuan Junbao, Shang Yiying, Zhang Ziyun, Hu Zhe, Zhang Xinxin, Dai Xiaohe, Chen Weiwei, Li Yanxia, He Huiyuan, Liang Jin, Chen Yongrong, Jia Yuankun, Zhang Manzi, Ma Xiaocheng, Wang Zichen, Zheng Xin, Huang Xing, Yang Siqi, Li Leke, etc. The team members are selected from various departments of Xinhua News Agency and domestic branches, all of whom are key personnel engaged in news reporting and research work.

The project was initiated in September 2023 and took 9 months of study, research, writing, revision, and proofreading. The entire project team carefully studied General Secretary Xi Jinping’s series of important discussions on new quality productivity, extensively interviewed authoritative departments and institutions, experts and scholars, business people, and scientific researchers, combed the theoretical context and practical path of new quality productivity, dug into typical cases and vivid stories, and meticulously researched and wrote, going through multiple versions of revisions, and soliciting opinions from authoritative departments and relevant experts and scholars, ultimately forming this report.

Click the link below to download the report:

Better Empowering China’s Prosperity and the World: Theoretical Contributions and Practical Value of New Quality Productivity

点击下方链接下载报告：

更好赋能中国繁荣世界——新质生产力的理论贡献和实践价值

全文｜更好赋能中国繁荣世界——新质生产力的理论贡献和实践价值

字体：小中大分享到：

目录

第一章马克思主义生产力理论的创新发展

1.1 新质生产力的理论贡献

1.2 理解新质生产力需要把握的几对关系

1.3 发展新质生产力的时代意义

第二章以科技创新为核心要素发展新质生产力

2.1 加强科技创新特别是原创性、颠覆性科技创新

2.2 以科技创新引领产业创新

2.3 因地制宜发展新质生产力

第三章塑造适应新质生产力的新型生产关系

3.1进一步全面深化改革，促进新质生产力诸要素实现高效协同匹配

3.2 坚持高水平开放，打造一流营商环境

第四章新质生产力的世界意义

4.1 为世界经济复苏注入新动力，分享发展机遇

4.2 探索新型生产关系，拓展经济治理新实践

4.3赋能中国式现代化，开拓人类文明新形态

第五章各地发展新质生产力的探索实践

5.1 摘取造船工业“皇冠上的明珠”

5.2 安徽打造量子科创高地

5.3 杭州城西科创大走廊培育增长新引擎

5.4 北京“星谷”助力航天强国梦

5.5 在光电子信息产业领域独树一帜的“中国光谷”

5.6 中国西部科技创新港打造“没有围墙的大学”

5.7 山东加速数实融合推动产业数字化

5.8 新能源汽车产业的重庆实践

5.9 粤港澳大湾区建设活跃科技集群

5.10 成渝共建西部科学城努力形成创新高地

结语

名词解释

参考文献

编写说明

2023年，习近平总书记在地方考察期间首次提出“新质生产力”这一重大概念。此后，在中央经济工作会议、中央政治局集体学习、全国两会和赴地方考察中，习近平总书记对新质生产力作出系统阐释和重大部署，深刻回答了“什么是新质生产力、为什么要发展新质生产力、怎样发展新质生产力”的重大问题。

习近平总书记关于发展新质生产力的一系列重要论述，是对马克思主义生产力理论的创新和发展，进一步丰富了习近平经济思想的内涵，为中国在新时代新征程上进一步解放和发展生产力、实现高质量发展、推进和拓展中国式现代化提供了根本遵循和行动指南，也将为中国和世界的繁荣发展注入新的智慧和动力。

第一章马克思主义生产力理论的创新发展

“概括地说，新质生产力是创新起主导作用，摆脱传统经济增长方式、生产力发展路径，具有高科技、高效能、高质量特征，符合新发展理念的先进生产力质态。”[1]

——习近平

1.1 新质生产力的理论贡献

1.1.1 新质生产力的基本内涵

2024年1月31日，中共中央政治局就扎实推进高质量发展进行集体学习，习近平总书记发表重要讲话，对新质生产力这一全新概念进行深入阐释——

“概括地说，新质生产力是创新起主导作用，摆脱传统经济增长方式、生产力发展路径，具有高科技、高效能、高质量特征，符合新发展理念的先进生产力质态。它由技术革命性突破、生产要素创新性配置、产业深度转型升级而催生，以劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的跃升为基本内涵，以全要素生产率大幅提升为核心标志，特点是创新，关键在质优，本质是先进生产力。”

高质量发展是新时代的硬道理。中国进入新时代以来，中共中央作出一系列重大决策部署，推动高质量发展成为全党全社会的共识和自觉行动，成为经济社会发展的主旋律。近年来，科技创新成果丰硕，创新驱动发展成效日益显现；城乡区域发展协调性、平衡性明显增强；改革开放全面深化，发展动力活力竞相迸发；绿色低碳转型成效显著，发展方式转变步伐加快，高质量发展取得明显成效。同时，制约高质量发展因素还大量存在，要高度重视，切实解决。

习近平总书记指出，高质量发展需要新的生产力理论来指导，而新质生产力已经在实践中形成并展示出对高质量发展的强劲推动力、支撑力，需要我们从理论上进行总结、概括，用以指导新的发展实践。[2]

新质生产力是创新驱动主导的生产力。创新特别是原创性、颠覆性科技创新，在发展新质生产力中发挥关键作用。回顾历次产业革命，都是新的科学理论作为基础，由此带来新生产工具的出现、经济结构和发展方式的重大调整、社会生产生活方式的重要变革。技术革命性突破将推动劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的跃升，进而实现生产力的大幅跃升。

新质生产力是变革增长方式的生产力。传统生产力推动的经济增长普遍依靠劳动资料、劳动对象和劳动者大量投入的水平型、复制型扩张，严重依赖要素投入。新质生产力致力于提高劳动者的素质与劳动效率、改进生产方式和生产工具，犹如建立一种新的“生产函数”，改变“自变量”要素投入与“因变量”产出之间的对应法则，带动全要素生产率大幅提升。

新质生产力是应用于产业的生产力。新质生产力以高质量供给满足和创造新需求，又通过新需求催生新产品、新服务、新产业，带来产业结构的变革。从产业发展梯次看，科技创新成果应用到具体产业和产业链上后，能够改造提升传统产业，培育壮大新兴产业，催生构建未来产业，推动产业的不断迭代升级。

新质生产力是实现绿色发展的生产力。新质生产力摆脱传统经济增长方式对传统资源、能源的过度依赖，是体现绿色发展理念的先进生产力质态，本身就是绿色生产力、可持续发展的环境友好型生产力。发展新质生产力意味着必须加快发展方式绿色转型，走生态优先、绿色发展之路。

1.1.2 对马克思主义生产力理论的创新和发展

生产力是人们改造自然、利用自然的能力，是推动社会进步最活跃、最革命的因素。

在马克思主义生产力理论产生前，亚当·斯密、大卫·李嘉图、弗里德里希·李斯特等西方经济学家，已经对生产力进行了研究和论述。

马克思、恩格斯对生产力进行了系统分析和深刻阐释。马克思在《资本论》中指出，“生产力，即生产能力及其要素的发展”[3]“劳动生产力是由多种情况决定的，其中包括：工人的平均熟练程度，科学的发展水平和它在工艺上应用的程度，生产过程的社会结合，生产资料的规模和效能，以及自然条件”。[4]恩格斯认为，生产力的本原是具有劳动能力的人和生产资料相结合而形成的改造自然的能力。[5]在《共产党宣言》中，马克思和恩格斯指出，无产阶级取得政权后，要“尽可能快地增加生产力的总量”[6]。

生产力理论是马克思主义经典理论。中国共产党始终坚持运用并结合自身实践不断发展马克思主义生产力理论。毛泽东同志明确指出，“社会主义革命的目的是为了解放生产力”。[7]邓小平同志提出，“社会主义的任务很多，但根本一条就是发展生产力”。[8]

中共十八大以来，习近平总书记高度重视生产力的作用，作出一系列重要论述，强调“全面建成小康社会，实现社会主义现代化，实现中华民族伟大复兴，最根本最紧迫的任务还是进一步解放和发展社会生产力”[9]“必须坚持科技是第一生产力、人才是第一资源、创新是第一动力，深入实施科教兴国战略、人才强国战略、创新驱动发展战略，开辟发展新领域新赛道，不断塑造发展新动能新优势”[10]“坚持和发展中国特色社会主义，必须不断适应社会生产力发展调整生产关系”。[11]

面对快速变化的世界和中国，如果墨守成规、思想僵化，没有理论创新的勇气，就不能科学回答中国之问、世界之问、人民之问、时代之问。习近平总书记统筹中华民族伟大复兴战略全局和世界百年未有之大变局，准确洞察和把握世界科技和经济发展趋势，创造性提出发展新质生产力这一重大理论。习近平总书记指出，“发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点，必须继续做好创新这篇大文章，推动新质生产力加快发展”[12]。习近平总书记的一系列重要论述，系统阐明新质生产力的丰富内涵、核心要义、实践路径和科学方法，深刻回答了“什么是新质生产力、为什么要发展新质生产力、怎样发展新质生产力”等重大理论和实践问题，丰富和发展了马克思主义生产力理论，标志着中国共产党对生产力发展规律的认识达到新境界。

1.1.3 进一步丰富了习近平经济思想

马克思指出：“理论在一个国家实现的程度，总是取决于理论满足这个国家的需要的程度。”[13]

习近平经济思想植根中国发展的时空方位，在中国式现代化伟大实践中不断丰富发展，为中国经济高质量发展指明正确方向、提供根本遵循。习近平总书记关于新质生产力的重要论述，是习近平经济思想的最新成果，对新时代新征程推动高质量发展、推进中国式现代化具有重大现实意义和深远历史意义。

中共十八大以来，习近平总书记围绕中国经济发展提出一系列新理念新思想新战略，其中蕴含着内在统一的逻辑性。“经济发展新常态”构成了中国经济发展的基本语境，“高质量发展”提出了塑造中国未来发展的大逻辑，“新发展阶段”“新发展理念”“新发展格局”明确了中国发展的历史方位、现代化建设的指导原则和中国经济现代化的路径选择。“新质生产力”揭示了生产力演变规律，体现了生产力升级方向，旨在释放驱动高质量发展的新动力。

当前，全球科技创新进入空前密集活跃的时期。习近平总书记始终把握生产力发展大势，指引中国抓住新一轮科技革命和产业变革的机遇，不断推动生产关系变革适应生产力发展要求，确保中国经济巨轮乘风破浪、不断向前。

新质生产力理论的提出为习近平经济思想提供了重要的底层逻辑。习近平总书记强调“创新是引领发展的第一动力”，开宗明义、一语道破，指明经济社会发展的“牛鼻子”就是创新。“深化供给侧结构性改革”方面，当前改革的核心目标就是实现以科技创新推动产业创新。通过科技创新不断增加产品和服务的技术含量，更能适应人的物质需要和心理需要，让供给与需求出现一个新的更高水平的匹配度。习近平总书记强调推进“高质量发展”，明确建设“现代化经济体系”，提出加快建设“现代化产业体系”。创新发展依靠新质生产力来引领，现代化产业体系的根本特征在于形成新质生产力，现代化经济体系的核心竞争力体现为发展新质生产力。可以说，新质生产力的提出为这些重要概念提供了创新引领发展、以先进生产力赋能发展的底层逻辑，标志着习近平经济思想的进一步丰富和发展，进一步回答了新时代中国特色社会主义经济建设一系列重大问题，具有丰富的理论内涵和重要的实践价值，不断开拓着马克思主义政治经济学新境界。

发展新质生产力，根植于中国式现代化和社会主义经济建设的生动实践，反映了中国特色社会主义制度的巨大优势与生机活力，是社会主义根本任务在新时代新征程的具体体现，是以更先进的生产力推进高质量发展的必然选择。这也意味着中国将以更大决心走创新驱动发展之路，构筑新竞争优势、赢得发展主动权。

1.2 理解新质生产力需要把握的几对关系

1.2.1 生产力与生产关系

马克思主义政治经济学认为，生产力发展到一定阶段便与其现存的生产关系发生矛盾，当现有生产关系构成生产力发展的制约时，生产关系的变革成为必然，这种变革又反过来促进生产力的发展。

习近平总书记在纪念马克思诞辰200周年大会上发表重要讲话时指出，“学习马克思，就要学习和实践马克思主义关于生产力和生产关系的思想”“我们要勇于全面深化改革，自觉通过调整生产关系激发社会生产力发展活力，自觉通过完善上层建筑适应经济基础发展要求，让中国特色社会主义更加符合规律地向前发展”。[14]

中共十八大以来，中国在生产资料所有制、收入分配制度、社会主义市场经济体制等方面进行了一系列探索和实践，拓展了马克思主义政治经济学关于生产关系的理论，有力推动生产力发展。

发展新质生产力同样需要构建与之相适应的新型生产关系。这是一个推动新时代高质量发展的紧迫命题，需要在经济体制、科技体制等领域不断深化改革，着力打通束缚新质生产力发展的堵点卡点，让各类先进优质生产要素向发展新质生产力顺畅流动和高效配置。

1.2.2 供给与需求

新质生产力以平衡供给和需求为目标导向。供给和需求是经济发展的一体两面，两者之间平衡是相对的，不平衡是绝对的。以优质供给满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要，是发展新质生产力的题中必有之义。

中共二十大报告提出，“把实施扩大内需战略同深化供给侧结构性改革有机结合起来”。[15]新质生产力形成的新产品、新服务、新产业，不断满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要，将主动创造、激发并满足新的需求。与此同时，生产力不能脱离需求而单独存在，企业的产品或服务供给，必须通过交换转化为消费才具有意义。发展新质生产力必须以满足人的全面发展需要为导向，充分发挥需求对生产力发展的牵引功能。

当前和今后一个时期，制约中国经济发展的因素，供给和需求两侧都有，但矛盾的主要方面在供给侧。发展新质生产力，就是要发挥创新第一动力作用，着力突破供给约束堵点，以优质有效的供给满足和创造需求。在持续扩大内需、不断满足人民美好生活需要的过程中，要促进供给侧不断升级创新，推动新产业、新技术、新产品、新业态不断涌现，形成需求牵引供给、供给创造需求的更高水平动态平衡。

1.2.3 传承与创新

马克思主义认为，世界上的一切事物都处于运动和变化之中，劳动生产力总是在不断地变化。新质生产力也并非固定不变，而是动态生成、不断发展的。

苟日新，日日新，又日新。科技的不断进步，将推动新的生产力质态、产业业态次第产生。掌握发展新质生产力的主动权，必须密切跟踪科技前沿动态，把握科技发展趋势，推动原创性、颠覆性科技创新成果竞相涌现，持续形成发展新质生产力的新动能。

发展新质生产力要坚持从实际出发，先立后破、因地制宜。在科技创新上，要以形成现实生产力为基本导向，避免不切实际、“邯郸学步”；在产业发展上，要防止一哄而上、泡沫化，也要避免“黄钟毁弃，瓦釜雷鸣”。习近平总书记有一句形象生动的比喻：“不能把手里吃饭的家伙先扔了，结果新的吃饭家伙还没拿到手，这不行。”各地在积极培育战略性新兴产业、发展未来产业的同时，不能忽视、放弃传统产业。要将改造提升传统产业、培育壮大新兴产业、布局发展未来产业有机统一起来，科学统筹推进。当前，既要支持战略性新兴产业和未来产业发展，也要用新技术改造提升传统产业，向高端化、智能化、绿色化迈进。

1.2.4 物质与文明

社会经济形态及文明的跃迁，生产力和生产工具都是重要标志。从人类历史看，从石器时代、青铜时代、铁器时代到钢器时代，从蒸汽时代、电气时代到信息时代，既反映出工具的变迁，又反映出生产力发展带来的文化发展、文明进步。

新质生产力的培育生成是文化发展、文明进步的重要力量、重要标志。文化是活跃着的文明，文明是沉淀下来的文化。文明的本质是一种进步状态，不断掌握新的科技手段，才能推动文明的不断发展。当前，世界正处于以信息化全面引领创新、以信息化为基础重构国家核心竞争力的新阶段。谁能更好认识和把握这一大势，更好适应和引领新生产力发展方向、推动生产关系和上层建筑变革，谁就能全方位提升综合国力。新质生产力是在移动互联网、大数据、人工智能日益生成、不断演进的时代提出的。要看到颠覆性创新及其应用的无限可能性，从这个角度来思考文明的发展、时代的进步。

1.3 发展新质生产力的时代意义

1.3.1 强国建设、民族复兴的实践要求

发展新质生产力是推进中国式现代化、实现中华民族伟大复兴的必然选择，是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点，也是不断实现人民群众对美好生活向往的现实需要。

当下，世界百年未有之大变局加速演进。如何应变局、育先机、开新局，牢牢把握发展主动和历史主动？发展新质生产力，是时代所需、发展所急、大势所趋。

经过新中国成立75年特别是改革开放40多年来的快速发展，中国经济总量稳居世界第二，但在科技创新、产业核心竞争力等方面与世界先进水平还有不小的差距。到2035年基本实现社会主义现代化，到本世纪中叶把中国建成富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国，客观上要求推动经济发展质量变革、效率变革、动力变革，提高全要素生产率，加快形成新质生产力。

中国用几十年的时间走完了西方发达国家几百年走过的工业化历程，建成全球最完整、规模最大的工业体系，进入创新型国家的行列，为发展新质生产力奠定坚实基础。踏上新征程，扭住创新“牛鼻子”，厚植发展“绿底色”，下好改革“先手棋”，打造人才“强引擎”，中国将不断开辟新赛道、增强新动能、塑造新优势、拓展新空间，推动高质量发展不断迈上新台阶。

1.3.2 全球可持续发展的时代呼唤

当前，世界经济仍在艰难复苏中，尚未找到有效的新增长动能。根据国际货币基金组织（IMF）2024年4月的预测，2024年全球经济增速为3.2%，相比2023年10月的预测值上调了0.3个百分点，但仍远低于3.8%的历史（2000-2019年）平均水平。

多年来，中国一直是全球增长的动力源，对全球经济增长的年均贡献约30%。中国加快形成以科技创新支撑引领的新质生产力，将为全球经济发展注入强劲动力。

中国发展新质生产力将有力助推全球技术变革。2023年，中国全年研究与试验发展经费支出3.3万亿元，比上年增长8.1%，[16]研发支出绝对额居世界第二位；截至2023年年底，中国国内（不含港澳台）发明专利拥有量达401.5万件，同比增长22.4%，成为首个国内有效发明专利数量突破400万件的国家。中国已成为名副其实的知识产权大国，持续为全球创新发展贡献重要力量。

中国新质生产力走向世界，将助推全球经济发展。中国的5G技术为多国通信与移动互联网提供支撑。中国的台式计算机、笔记本电脑、手机等产量长期保持世界第一。新模式也在走出国门，来自中国的Temu等多款软件成为全球市场下载量增速最快的购物应用，越来越多人开始享受由中国企业提供的高性价比商品与服务。

中国正在为全球绿色低碳发展提供重要支持。中国建立起高效的太阳能装备、电动汽车等生产制造体系，有效降低了世界绿色低碳转型的成本。2023年，中国以新能源汽车、锂离子蓄电池和太阳能电池为代表的“新三样”产品出口在全球贸易疲软的大背景下逆势增长，突破万亿元大关，同比增长29.9%。

中国秉持人类命运共同体理念，持续扩大高水平对外开放，推动共建“一带一路”高质量发展，为其他国家提供更多参与新兴产业的机遇，共享新质生产力发展红利，这将对推进国际经济合作、促进地区可持续发展起到重要作用。

第二章以科技创新为核心要素发展新质生产力

“科技创新能够催生新产业、新模式、新动能，是发展新质生产力的核心要素。”[17]

——习近平

2.1 加强科技创新特别是原创性、颠覆性科技创新

科技创新是推动生产力发展的重要力量。从“生产力中也包括科学”[18]到“科学技术是第一生产力”[19]再到“科技创新是发展新质生产力的核心要素”[20]，马克思主义者对科学技术之于发展生产力核心关键作用的认识，在理论和实践探索中不断发展演进。

科技成果转化为现实生产力，表现形式为催生新产业、推动产业深度转型升级。当前，科技创新以无处不在的渗透性、扩散性、带动性，广泛赋能经济社会发展。发展新质生产力，中国具有得天独厚的优势。近年来，中国科技创新整体实力稳步提升，基础研究能力不断增强，2023年基础研究经费占全社会研发投入比重提高到6.65%；中高端人才数量红利逐步显现；国内市场规模巨大，应用场景丰富；产业链结构全、链条长，制造业规模连续14年位居全球第一。

新质生产力的提出，意味着中国将以更大决心和力度推动科技创新，加快实现高水平科技自立自强，打好关键核心技术攻坚战，产出更多原创性、颠覆性科技创新成果，为经济社会发展注入新动能。

2.1.1 牢牢掌握关键核心技术

关键核心技术在产业技术生态体系中居于核心地位，是增强科技创新引领作用的重要抓手，也是实现高水平科技自立自强的保证。

习近平总书记强调:“关键核心技术是要不来、买不来、讨不来的。”[21]只有加快突破关键核心技术，才能把创新主动权、发展主动权牢牢掌握在自己手中。

打好关键核心技术攻坚战，必须聚力突破重点难点。要从国家急迫需要和长远需求出发，在基础原材料、高端芯片、工业软件等领域全力攻坚。要以关键共性技术、前沿引领技术、现代工程技术、颠覆性技术为突破口，前瞻部署一批战略性、储备性技术研发项目，实施好国家重大科学计划和科学工程。要优化财政科技投入，引导企业和社会增加研发投入，加强知识产权保护，完善推动企业技术创新的税收政策，加大资本市场对科技型企业的支持力度，积极发展风险投资，壮大耐心资本。

打好关键核心技术攻坚战，要发挥社会主义制度集中力量办大事的显著优势，强化党和国家对重大科技创新的领导，健全新型举国体制。围绕国家战略需求，完善顶层设计，科学配置创新资源，优化国家科研机构、高水平研究型大学、科技领军企业定位和布局，把政府、市场、社会等各方面力量拧成一股绳，形成科技攻关的强大合力。

2.1.2 持之以恒加强基础研究

基础研究处于从研究到应用、再到生产的科研链条起始端，地基打得牢，科技事业大厦才能建得高。当前，科学研究范式发生深刻变革，全球基础研究转化周期明显缩短，迫切需要加强基础研究，从源头和底层解决关键技术问题。

2023年2月21日，中共中央政治局就加强基础研究进行集体学习。习近平总书记强调，加强基础研究，是实现高水平科技自立自强的迫切要求，是建设世界科技强国的必由之路。[22]

近年来，中国“从0到1”的原始创新能力不断提升，取得一批有国际影响力的重大原创成果：建成“中国天眼”FAST、稳态强磁场、散裂中子源等一批国之重器，在量子计算、人工合成淀粉、纳米限域催化等方面实现突破。

基础研究是实现科技自立自强的源头。通过基础研究才能变不确定性为确定性，变未知为已知。世界已经进入大科学时代，基础研究组织化程度越来越高，制度保障和政策引导对基础研究产出的影响越来越大。

一方面，要优化基础学科建设布局，支持重点学科、新兴学科、冷门学科和薄弱学科发展，以高质量学科体系支撑基础研究和原始创新。另一方面，要增加基础研究多元投入，满足不同类型基础研究的需求，为基础前沿方向重大原创成果的持续涌现提供资金支持。

对重大科学问题和重大战略需求，必须系统谋划、前瞻布局，统筹部署战略导向的体系化基础研究、前沿导向的探索性基础研究、市场导向的应用性基础研究，以占据前沿技术制高点为目标，以体制机制创新为保障，加强从基础研究、关键技术、装备研制到成果转化的全链条设计、一体化部署。

2.1.3 强化企业创新主体地位

企业是科技创新活动的主要组织者和参与者，也是发展新质生产力的重要支撑。强化企业科技创新主体地位，是推动实现高水平科技自立自强的关键。

数据显示，截至2023年底，中国拥有有效发明专利的企业达42.7万家，较上年增加7.2万家，企业拥有有效发明专利290.9万件，占比增至71.2%，首次超过七成。企业研发投入占全社会研发投入的比重连续多年超过75%。企业创新主体地位进一步凸显。

在加快发展新质生产力的背景下，中国多措并举进一步强化企业科技创新主体地位——

强化企业在科技创新决策方面的主体地位，支持企业在更大范围、更深程度参与国家科技创新决策；强化企业在研发投入中的主体地位，加大企业研发费用加计扣除等政策落实力度，打通科技、产业、金融的链条；强化企业在科研组织中的主体地位，在重大专项、重点工程等关键技术攻关项目中，让企业唱主角。

打通科技成果转化的“最后一公里”，关键在企业。中国将继续完善科技成果转化法律法规，破除科技成果使用、处置和收益权等政策障碍；健全产学研成果对接和产业化机制，支持企业建设中试验证平台，提升企业科技成果转化的能力；发挥领军企业的牵引推动作用、中小企业的配套支撑作用，促进全产业链上下联动、融合发展，形成完善的产业生态。

发展新质生产力需要一大批高素质复合型科技企业家。他们不仅要具备创新精神，还要具有科学素质，能够洞察科学新发现的重要价值，并具有围绕创新组合生产要素、协调产学研各方的能力。中国正在创造良好环境，让通晓科技创新、商业模式和管理方法的企业家脱颖而出。

2.2 以科技创新引领产业创新

人类近现代史上历次生产力的跨越式进步都伴随着科技革命和产业革命的发生。但科技革命只有在适宜的经济条件与社会体制下才能催生产业变革。

当前，以人工智能、清洁能源、生物技术等为重点的新一轮科技浪潮扑面而来，各国纷纷加快实施推动新产业革命的国家战略，比如美国的“先进制造业伙伴计划”、德国的“工业4.0”、日本的“再兴战略”、法国的“新工业法国”、英国的“高价值制造战略”等。

在中国式现代化进程中，现代化产业体系建设成为加快培育新质生产力的必然要求。

2.2.1 改造提升传统产业

中国产业体系较为完备，在全球分工体系和产业链供应链体系中具有举足轻重的地位，一些产业在国际上处于领先地位，必须把这个优势巩固好、发挥好。

传统制造业是支撑国民经济发展和满足人民生活需要的重要基础。为传统产业赋予“新”和“质”，就是要以高端化、智能化、绿色化为方向，加快结构体系升级、技术路径创新、发展模式优化，促进实现质的有效提升和量的合理增长。

加装“高端”引擎。加快先进适用技术推广应用，推动传统制造业优势领域锻长板，推进强链延链补链，支持传统制造业深耕细分领域，孵化新技术、开拓新赛道、培育新产业。深入实施产业基础再造工程，强化传统制造业基础支撑体系。

加装“智能”引擎。加快数字技术赋能，大力推进企业智改数转网联，加快人工智能、大数据、云计算、5G、物联网等信息技术与制造全过程、全要素深度融合。促进产业链供应链网络化协同，推动产业园区和集群整体改造升级。

加装“绿色”引擎。加快绿色科技创新和先进绿色技术推广应用，做强绿色制造业，发展绿色服务业，壮大绿色能源产业，发展绿色低碳产业和供应链，构建绿色低碳循环经济体系，以产业含“绿”量提升发展含“新”量。

根据工业和信息化部、国家发展改革委等八部门联合印发的指导意见提出的目标，到2027年，传统制造业高端化、智能化、绿色化、融合化发展水平明显提升，有效支撑制造业比重保持基本稳定，在全球产业分工中的地位和竞争力进一步巩固增强。工业企业数字化研发设计工具普及率、关键工序数控化率分别超过90%、70%，工业能耗强度和二氧化碳排放强度持续下降，万元工业增加值用水量较2023年下降13%左右，大宗工业固体废物综合利用率超过57%。

当前，中国正在推进新一轮大规模设备更新和消费品以旧换新。根据国务院印发的行动方案，中国将聚焦石化化工、钢铁、有色、建材、机械、汽车、轻工、纺织、电子等重点行业，开展先进设备更新、数字化转型、绿色装备推广、安全水平提升四大行动，全面推动设备更新和技术改造，为改造提升传统产业奠定坚实基础。

2.2.2 培育壮大新兴产业

战略性新兴产业处在科技和经济发展前沿，对经济社会的长远发展具有重大引领作用，在很大程度上决定着一个国家或地区的综合实力特别是核心竞争力。

战略性新兴产业是新质生产力的重要载体。2023年9月，习近平总书记在新时代推动东北全面振兴座谈会上指出，“积极培育新能源、新材料、先进制造、电子信息等战略性新兴产业，积极培育未来产业，加快形成新质生产力，增强发展新动能。”[23]

战略性新兴产业具有先导性，融合化集群化是产业发展的新模式。战略性新兴产业集群通过产业在一定地理空间的集聚，实现人才、技术、资金的有机结合和效益最大化，已成为中国产业发展的重要趋势。

2024年3月，南京发布18个人工智能应用场景，聚焦“AI+工业”“AI+电力”“AI+交通”“AI+医疗”“AI+信息消费”五大领域，打造底层技术和应用协同的“试验场”，探索落地更具前景的人工智能创新模式和产品方向。

当前，中国把握战略性新兴产业发展机遇，在新一代信息技术、人工智能、生物技术、新能源、新材料、高端装备、绿色环保等领域打造一批具有国际竞争力的先进产业集群，构建一批各具特色、优势互补、结构合理的新增长点。

推动战略性新兴产业融合集群发展，还需在围绕产业链部署创新链、完善生态构建和场景应用、加强数字平台建设等方面持续发力。

要围绕产业链部署创新链，充分发挥龙头企业链主优势、平台效应和示范引领作用，促进创新链与产业链的共融和产业链上下游协同发展。

要完善生态构建和场景应用，强化政府投资对全社会投资的引导带动，支持各地围绕禀赋优势、着眼未来发展，打造细分领域的标志性产业，以产业需求牵引教育、科技、人才发展。

要以数字平台建设促进数实融合，以数字化为基础，集合行业上下游相关企业、行业科研机构和政府公共部门等创新力量，实现系统集成、资源共享。

2.2.3 布局发展未来产业

未来产业是重塑全球创新版图与经济格局的前沿力量，是牢牢把握未来发展主动权的关键所在。

习近平总书记高度重视发展未来产业，作出一系列重要指示和决策部署。《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》明确，“在类脑智能、量子信息、基因技术、未来网络、深海空天开发、氢能与储能等前沿科技和产业变革领域，组织实施未来产业孵化与加速计划，谋划布局一批未来产业”。中国未来产业发展思路不断明晰，重点领域发展蓝图逐渐展开。

当前，未来产业已成为从中央到地方打造新增长引擎的关键领域，发展未来产业不仅有望培育形成一批千亿级甚至万亿级新支柱产业与产业集群，还能通过广泛赋能推动传统优势产业转型升级，在强链补链延链上发挥更大作为。

2022年11月，科学技术部、教育部批复《未来产业科技园试点及培育名单》，北京市、上海市、江苏省、湖北省、广东省、四川省、陕西省、黑龙江省等8省市的10家未来产业科技园成为首批未来产业科技园建设试点。2023年8月，工业和信息化部办公厅印发《关于组织开展2023年未来产业创新任务揭榜挂帅工作的通知》，面向元宇宙、人形机器人、脑机接口、通用人工智能等四个重点方向，加速新技术、新产品落地应用。

各地结合科技与产业基础竞相“落子”未来产业。北京、上海、浙江、广东深圳等地率先出台关于未来产业的发展规划、行动计划、实施方案与配套政策，把前瞻布局未来产业作为拼经济谋长远的重头戏。

中国未来产业正处于创新活力、辐射能力、综合实力实现大跨越的关键时期，要不断创新适应产业发展的思路和举措，前瞻谋划未来产业时空布局。由于未来产业的技术路线有待清晰、商业模式亟需成熟，培育未来产业不能简单使用大水漫灌式支持，需要精细的温光水气调控式支持，其支持导向要更加突出厚植发展土壤、更加突出扶小扶新扶幼、更加突出强化原始创新、更加突出场景市场支持，创新监管模式，加大制度供给，营造鼓励创新、宽容失败、敢闯敢试的创新氛围和发展空间。

2.3 因地制宜发展新质生产力

不论是科技创新还是产业创新，关键都是从实际出发，都要立足科技基础，用好用足自身优势。

2024年全国两会期间，习近平总书记在参加江苏代表团审议时强调，“要牢牢把握高质量发展这个首要任务，因地制宜发展新质生产力”“发展新质生产力不是忽视、放弃传统产业，要防止一哄而上、泡沫化，也不要搞一种模式”。[24]

习近平总书记强调的“因地制宜”，体现了马克思主义的认识论和方法论，为中国不同地区结合自身优势发展新质生产力指明了方向。

“因地制宜”，既是对中国国情的准确把握，也是对创新规律的深刻理解。发展新质生产力涉及科技创新、产业升级、组织管理、人才引育等多个层面，各地资源禀赋、主体功能、产业基础、科研条件等存在差异，发展新质生产力的打法也会不尽相同。不能忽视创新规律、产业规律和自身条件盲目行动，要坚持一切从实际出发，实事求是，探索符合自身实际的新质生产力发展之路。

发展新质生产力要谋“新”，更要重“质”。

从以科技创新推动产业创新的历史经验和现实情况看，从来没有相同的发展路径，也没有可以简单照搬照抄的发展模式。要着眼国家区域创新布局，立足各地特色优势和基层探索实践，找到科学合理的创新发展路径，避免千篇一律、搞一种模式。

发展新质生产力，要注重创新成果的落地应用和价值转化。创新成果不能只停留在实验室，更要成为生产线上的产品、大市场里的商品。在加快科技创新成果转化应用过程中，要更加注重解决本地经济社会发展实际问题，围绕产业链部署创新链，围绕创新链布局产业链，加快转化为现实生产力，增强地方发展内生动力。

发展新质生产力，要防止“内卷式”同质化竞争。在谋划和推进产业转型升级时，不必一味追求大而全，不能只盯着某些领域、某些产品，而要发挥比较优势，形成错落有致、互嵌互补、各有千秋的整体格局。

发展新质生产力，要加强跨部门协调合作，打通科技链、产业链、政策链、人才链、资金链，避免各地区各部门“各播各的种，各撒各的肥”，坚持“全国一盘棋”统筹优化，从彰显国家整体优势的角度科学布局、各展其长。

科技创新等不得，也急不得。做好创新发展这篇大文章，必须坚持以科技创新为核心要素，坚持以产业创新为有力支撑，坚持统筹兼顾，才能让科技创新成果迸发涌流，使发展新质生产力的步伐更稳健、动力更强劲。

第三章塑造适应新质生产力的新型生产关系

“生产关系必须与生产力发展要求相适应。发展新质生产力，必须进一步全面深化改革，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系。”[25]

——习近平

发展新质生产力，既是发展命题，也是改革命题。

习近平总书记指出，“改革是解放和发展社会生产力的关键，是推动国家发展的根本动力”[26]“发展新质生产力，必须进一步全面深化改革，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系”。

从人类工业发展的历史来看，任何一个能够引领全球科技浪潮和工业革命的国家，一定是构建了新的、相对于其他国家能够更有效激励创新、保护创新的制度体系。这正是国家核心竞争力的重要载体。因此，新质生产力的国家间竞争表面上是新技术和新产业的竞争，本质上则是国家间的制度竞争，谁能率先提供与新科技浪潮和产业变革匹配的市场机制、产业监管、金融制度、产业政策，谁就能够在国家间的新质生产力竞争中胜出。

3.1 进一步全面深化改革，促进新质生产力诸要素实现高效协同匹配

新质生产力既需要政府超前规划引导、科学政策支持，也需要市场机制调节、企业等微观主体不断创新，是政府“有形之手”和市场“无形之手”共同培育和驱动形成的。

改革开放以来，中国共产党经过持续探索和实践，创造性地提出在社会主义条件下发展市场经济，建立并完善了社会主义市场经济体制。中共十八大以来，中国围绕构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制，加快完善产权保护、市场准入、公平竞争、社会信用等市场经济基础制度，完善落实“两个毫不动摇”的体制机制，为各类生产要素高效协同匹配奠定制度基础。

3.1.1 把握新质生产力要素的“新”特征

与传统生产力相比，新质生产力是包容了全新质态要素的生产力。在新技术革命浪潮推动下，劳动者、劳动工具、劳动对象实现总体跃升、优化组合、创新性配置，必须准确把握新质生产力要素的新特征。

更高素质的劳动者是新质生产力的第一要素。新型劳动者是新质生产力中最活跃最具决定意义的因素。不同于传统以简单重复劳动为主的普通技术工人，新型劳动者代表现代劳动力的转变，是能够创造新质生产力的创新型战略人才和能够熟练掌握新质生产资料的应用型人才，拥有更高的教育水平、更强的学习能力，不仅掌握传统职业技能，更能适应数字化、智能化的工作环境，具备跨界融合的综合能力。

新型劳动者，包括引领世界科技前沿、创新创造新型生产工具，特别是在颠覆性科学认识和技术创造方面作出重大突破的顶尖科技人才，在基础研究和关键核心技术领域作出突出贡献的一流科技领军人才；以卓越工程师为代表的工程技术人才和以大国工匠为代表的技术工人；敢闯敢干，拥有战略思维，能够敏锐把握科技前沿技术和产业趋势，持续投入创新、能够以科技创新推动产业创新的优秀企业家。

更为高精尖的劳动工具是新质生产力的动力源泉。新一代信息技术、先进制造技术、新材料技术等融合应用，孕育出一大批更智能、更高效、更低碳、更安全的新型生产工具。传统机械为主的生产工具发生颠覆性变化，工业互联网、工业软件等广泛应用，极大丰富了生产工具的表现形态。劳动过程向平台化、生态化、共享化、远程化生产协作转变，促进数字经济与实体经济有机融合，极大提高了生产率和经济效益。

作为劳动工具的重要方面，新型基础设施是新质生产力的基础支撑。新型基础设施以信息网络基础设施为核心，以数字化、网络化和智能化为特征，包括高速网络、大数据中心、智能物流系统等。中国正在加快构建系统完备、高效实用、智能绿色、安全可靠的现代化基础设施体系，这将为新型劳动对象的生成和新型劳动工具的应用提供必要条件。

更广泛的劳动对象是新质生产力的物质基础。得益于科技创新，人类劳动对象发生极大变化。一方面，人类从自然界获取物质和能量的手段更加先进，利用和改造自然的范围扩展至深空、深海、深地等；另一方面，人类通过劳动不断创造新的物质资料，并转化为劳动对象，大幅提高了生产率。数据等新型劳动对象在各行各业中广泛渗透，将释放出巨大的生产力效能。

在新一轮科技革命和产业变革驱动下，劳动者、劳动工具、劳动对象和生产方式实现变革调整，推动劳动力、资本、土地、知识、技术、管理、数据等要素便捷化流动、网络化共享、系统化整合、协作化开发和高效化利用，促进新质生产力加快形成。

3.1.2 创新生产要素配置方式

2024年1月31日，习近平总书记在主持中共中央政治局集体学习时强调，着力打通束缚新质生产力发展的堵点卡点，建立高标准市场体系，创新生产要素配置方式，让各类先进优质生产要素向发展新质生产力顺畅流动。[27]

实现生产要素的创新性配置，核心还是靠深化改革。

——持续深化要素市场化改革。

中共十九大明确将要素市场化配置作为经济体制改革的重点之一。中共十九届四中全会进一步强调，推进要素市场制度建设，实现要素价格市场决定、流动自主有序、配置高效公平。2020年，《中共中央国务院关于构建更加完善的要素市场化配置体制机制的意见》出台，分类提出土地、劳动力、资本、技术、数据五个要素领域的改革方向。

中国要素市场化改革正持续向深入推进。2024年开年，中国发布《“数据要素×”三年行动计划（2024—2026年）》，明确提出“发挥数据要素的放大、叠加、倍增作用”。与前期“互联网+”行动相比，“数据要素×”行动充分体现了生产要素创新性配置的考量。

——加快建设全国统一大市场。

市场，当今世界最稀缺的资源。中国超大规模市场具有丰富应用场景和放大创新收益的优势。加快建设全国统一大市场，可以促进创新要素有序流动和合理配置，支撑科技创新加快向产业创新转变；可以更好发挥规模经济优势和集聚效应，进一步降低市场交易成本；可以让更高质量的商品和服务在市场竞争中脱颖而出，为新质生产力持续迸发创造有利条件。

近年来，中国加快建设全国统一大市场取得积极进展，包括全面实行股票发行注册制改革，全面启动深化农村集体经营性建设用地入市试点，推进全国统一电力市场体系和碳市场等。同时，废止、修订和纠正了一批妨碍统一市场和公平竞争的政策措施，在完善产权、市场准入、公平竞争、信用等方面出台了一批配套政策。

下一步，中国将持续破除地方保护和区域壁垒，为经营主体构建良好环境；优化创新资源布局和产业布局，构建省级—国家级—世界级集群梯次培育发展体系，推动制造业在国内有序转移。

——建设高标准市场体系。

着力打通束缚新质生产力发展的堵点卡点，要从制度上为创新资源优化配置提供基础支撑。

中国正在建设的高标准市场体系是一项基础性改革，其特征是统一开放、竞争有序、制度完备、治理完善，内容涵盖高标准的市场体系基础制度、高标准的要素市场体系、高标准的市场环境和质量、高标准的市场基础设施、高标准的市场开放、高标准的现代市场监管机制。

就高标准的市场体系基础制度而言，严格的产权保护，是激发各类经营主体活力的原始动力；实施全国统一的市场准入负面清单制度，是形成全国统一市场的前提条件；公平竞争是有效的市场运行机制，可以促进经营主体充分竞争、优胜劣汰。

建设高标准的市场体系更加强调制度的完备性、更加强调公平竞争、更加强调政府维护市场秩序弥补市场失灵的重要性。总而言之，要充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用，推动有效市场和有为政府更好结合。

3.1.3 健全要素参与收入分配机制

健全要素参与收入分配机制，对于调动各类生产要素参与生产的积极性、主动性、创造性，让各类生产要素的活力竞相迸发，具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。

新质生产力条件下，对土地、资本、劳动力等传统数量型要素的创新性配置提出更高要求，人工智能、绿色能源、数据、空天、深海、频率等新型要素形态加快涌现，知识、技术、管理等质量型要素发挥着更为重要的作用。健全要素参与收入分配机制是塑造适应新质生产力的生产关系的题中之义。

中共十九届四中全会把“按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存”作为社会主义基本经济制度的重要组成部分。中共二十大强调，完善按要素分配政策制度。

当前，中国正在完善劳动参与分配的机制，提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重，巩固按劳分配的主体地位；完善资本参与分配的机制，推进资本市场改革，完善收益与风险匹配机制；完善土地参与分配的机制，提高土地要素配置精准性和利用效率，建立健全土地增值收益分配机制；完善知识参与分配的机制，在全社会形成知识创造价值、价值创造者得到合理回报的良性循环；完善技术参与分配的机制，建立健全对科研人员实施股权、期权和分红激励的机制；完善管理参与分配的机制，统筹用好员工持股、股权激励、股权分红等中长期激励措施；完善数据参与分配的机制，建立健全数据权属、公开、共享、交易规则，让数据所有者能够从数据使用中获得应有收益。

3.1.4 畅通教育、科技、人才的良性循环

习近平总书记强调，“要按照发展新质生产力要求，畅通教育、科技、人才的良性循环”[28]“深化科技体制、教育体制、人才体制等改革”[29]。

教育是发展新质生产力的重要基础，科技是发展新质生产力的核心要素，人才是发展新质生产力的第一资源。中国坚持教育优先发展、科技自立自强、人才引领驱动，进一步强化资源协同配置的坚实基础，激活塑造新动能新优势的重要引擎。

必须在深化科技体制改革上下功夫。要深化科技管理体制改革，给予科研单位更多自主权，赋予科学家更大技术路线决定权和经费使用权。要围绕“为谁创新、谁来创新、创新什么、如何创新”，对技术创新决策、研发投入、科研组织、成果转化全链条整体部署，对政策、资金、项目、平台、人才等关键创新资源系统布局。要健全科技成果使用、处置和收益管理制度，不断提高科技成果转化和产业化水平。

必须在深化教育体制改革上持久发力。要围绕人力资源深度开发和创新驱动发展，统筹职业教育、高等教育、继续教育协同创新，推进职普融通、产教融合、科教融汇。要紧紧围绕国家战略和行业需求，调整优化高校学科布局、学科结构、专业设置。无论是基础教育、高等教育还是职业教育，都要注重激发人才的创新性思维和创造性能力。

必须推动人才体制机制改革持续突破。要加快形成有利于人才成长的培养机制、有利于人尽其才的使用机制、有利于人才各展其能的激励机制、有利于人才脱颖而出的竞争机制。要杜绝“一把尺子量到底”，加快构建以创新价值、能力、贡献为导向的人才评价体系。要积极为人才“减负松绑”，给予人才充分的信任、宽松的成长环境，特别是对于一些研发周期很长的基础科研和技术应用，要保持战略耐心。要落实好“揭榜挂帅”和“赛马”等制度。要实施更加开放包容的国际科技合作战略，畅通教育、科技、人才要素的跨区域循环通道，聚天下英才而用之。

3.2 坚持高水平开放，打造一流营商环境

中国取得的经济发展成就是在开放条件下取得的。发展新质生产力、实现高质量发展，也必须在高水平开放的条件下进行。

习近平总书记强调：“要扩大高水平对外开放，为发展新质生产力营造良好国际环境。”[30]面对日趋复杂的国际形势和日益增多的不确定因素，中国坚持高水平对外开放，持续建设市场化、法治化、国际化一流营商环境，为发展新质生产力构筑重要支撑。

3.2.1 在全球范围内优化资源配置

优质资本、关键资源、先进技术、拔尖人才等是发展新质生产力的关键。当前，全球资源配置呈现新的发展态势。中国推进高水平对外开放，依托超大规模市场优势，以国内大循环吸引全球资源要素，增强国内国际两个市场两种资源联动效应，营造具有全球竞争力的创新生态。

改革开放以来，中国在经济全球化进程中承担了三个重要角色，深度参与者——深度参与全球制造业价值链分工，积极促进者——为促进全球经济增长作出巨大贡献，合作创新者——共同推进全球新一轮科技革命和产业变革。

外媒称，中国正在推动形成一个全球性技术生态系统，逐步成长为国际科技合作不可忽视的参与者、全球创新资源要素重要的引力场。

中国在全球产业链分工中的位势稳步提升，为在更高层次融入国际循环、吸引全球资源要素奠定坚实基础。面对复杂的外部环境，中国以一系列有力措施释放更加鲜明的开放信号——

中国宣布在增值电信等领域开展准入试点，全面取消制造业领域外资准入限制措施；出台扎实推进高水平对外开放更大力度吸引和利用外资行动方案，公布全国版和自贸试验区版跨境服务贸易负面清单、《促进和规范数据跨境流动规定》等；《浦东新区综合改革试点实施方案（2023—2027年）》提出探索资本项目可兑换实施路径，在贸易结算、电商支付、碳交易、绿色电力交易等领域试点使用数字人民币等举措；举办进博会、广交会、服贸会、数贸会、消博会等重大展会，打造双向开放平台……

中国开放的大门正越开越大，促进在全球范围内优化资源要素配置，为发展新质生产力创造更好的环境和条件。

3.2.2 进一步扩大制度型开放

同商品和要素流动型开放相比，制度型开放是一种更高层次的开放。通过打通制度、规则等层面存在的各种壁垒，能够有效增强国内国际两个市场两种资源的联动效应，进一步发挥对全球优质创新要素资源的集聚作用。

习近平总书记强调，要围绕服务构建新发展格局，以制度型开放为重点，聚焦投资、贸易、金融、创新等对外交流合作的重点领域深化体制机制改革，完善配套政策措施，积极主动把我国对外开放提高到新水平[31]。

围绕进一步扩大制度型开放，在开放布局上，中国坚持沿海开放与内陆沿边开放更好结合，探索适应沿海内地联动发展的开放制度规则；在开放方式上，坚持“引进来”和“走出去”更好结合，打造国际合作新平台；在开放水平上，坚持制造领域开放与服务领域开放更好结合，构建推动教育、医疗、金融等开放新规则新标准；在治理机制上，坚持多边开放与区域开放更好结合，参与推动全球制度型开放，做开放型世界经济的建设者、贡献者。

当前，中国加快推动规则、规制、管理和标准等制度型开放：自贸试验区提质扩围至22个，率先在上海、广东、天津、福建、北京等具备条件的自由贸易试验区和海南自由贸易港，试点对接相关国际高标准经贸规则；加大现代服务业领域开放力度，服务业扩大开放综合试点增至11个；全面高质量实施《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》（RCEP），积极推动加入《全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》（CPTPP）和《数字经济伙伴关系协定》（DEPA），为加快形成具有全球竞争力的开放创新生态作出中国贡献。

3.2.3 持续深化国际合作

发展新质生产力，符合中国实现高质量发展的愿景，也符合世界对中国提供“动能变量”的预期。尤其是在绿色环保、数字革命等领域，中国与国际合作伙伴存在巨大的合作空间。在新质生产力领域持续深化国际合作，不仅有助于全球产业链、供应链能级提升，也将进一步优化全球资源配置，让各个合作国共享产业升级和高质量发展机遇。

中国正努力深化国际合作，为培育新质生产力夯实基础，具体措施包括：继续推动共建“一带一路”高质量发展，在共商共建共享原则基础上实现合作共赢；加快建设中欧班列、西部陆海新通道等国际贸易和物流大通道，进一步提升互联互通水平；坚定支持多边贸易体制，积极参与并推动WTO进行必要改革，进一步完善面向全球的高标准自由贸易区网络等。

2023年，中国对外非金融类直接投资1301亿美元，同比增长11.4%，连续11年稳居世界前三。对外投资存量2.8万亿美元，遍布全球190多个国家和地区，连续6年保持世界前三。截至2023年底，中国对“一带一路”共建国家直接投资存量超3000亿美元，境外经贸合作区超过100家，在共建国家承包工程完成额近2万亿美元，“一带一路”投资合作走深走实。中国持续深化绿色发展、数字经济和蓝色经济合作，与38个国家签署相关领域投资合作备忘录64份；与60个国家建立70个双边投资合作工作组；在120多个国家和地区建立了150多个境外中资企业商协会。

习近平总书记指出，世界好，中国才会好；中国好，世界会更好[32]。

在开放中创造机遇、在合作中破解难题，这是中国在扩大开放过程中形成的宝贵经验。以新质生产力发展为重要牵引的国际合作，将有更广阔的空间和更生动的实践。

第四章新质生产力的世界意义

“当今世界并不太平，中国一如既往，以人类前途为怀、以人民福祉为念，努力为人类和平和发展事业贡献中国智慧、中国方案，倡导平等有序的世界多极化和普惠包容的经济全球化。”[33]

——习近平

生产力的发展是各国实现现代化的共同特征。工业革命迄今200多年来，少数已经实现现代化的国家均在不同程度上实现了生产力的跃迁。然而总体来看，世界现代化的进程并非一帆风顺，仍然面对诸多挑战，包括经济复苏乏力、地缘政治形势严峻、贸易保护主义和全球化逆流等。

在此背景下，中国发展新质生产力，既是着眼于中华民族伟大复兴的主动作为之举，也是以自身现代化实践推动世界和平发展、互利合作、共同繁荣的担当之举。

4.1 为世界经济复苏注入新动力，分享发展机遇

在全球经济版图中，中国发挥的“引擎”和“压舱石”作用越来越突出。彭博社援引国际货币基金组织最新经济预测数据，预计2024年到2029年，全球经济增长的75%将集中在20个国家，中国的贡献最大。同期，全球新增经济活动中，中国占比将达到21%左右，高于七国集团的20%。[34]

4.1.1 发挥经济引擎新作用

为什么中国能在世界经济艰难转型的过程中持续发挥引擎作用？

一个重要因素就在于中国积极拥抱新一轮科技革命和产业变革，以发展新质生产力为牵引，努力通过技术革命性突破、生产要素创新配置来推动产业创新，不断开拓新领域、新优势、新赛道，培育发展新动能。

当前，新质生产力正在激发中国市场的活力和潜力，增强了中国作为世界经济引擎的韧实力。2023年，中国生物医药、人工智能和纳米技术应用三大产业产值超550亿美元；预计到2027年，数字经济规模有望达到15.7万亿美元。中国推动碳达峰碳中和的努力正在引领构建全新的零碳产业体系，引发海量投资与产业机遇。在可再生能源领域，中国已成为名副其实的全球领导者。根据全球风能理事会发布的《2024年全球风能报告》，2023年，全球新增风力发电装机容量达到创纪录的117吉瓦，比2022年增长50%，但如果将中国排除在外的话，全球风能产业的增长实际已陷入停滞[35]。

国际货币基金组织的研究表明，中国经济增长对世界其他地区具有积极的溢出效应，中国经济每增长1个百分点，将使其他经济体的产出水平平均提高0.3个百分点[36]。随着传统产业转型升级、新兴产业蓬勃兴起，新质生产力将为中国经济高质量发展持续注入新动力，带来中等收入群体的不断扩大和消费市场的持续增长升级。届时，中国经济引擎给世界带来的利好将颇为可期。

4.1.2 创造共赢发展新机遇

加快发展新质生产力将进一步放大中国市场的独特优势，为国际合作伙伴创造更多发展机遇。

首先，新质生产力的发展将会带来劳动生产率、产业附加值水平、劳动者收入和福利水平的提高。到2035年，中国中等收入人群预计会达到8亿，形成更为强劲的购买力。随着新质生产力不断发展，消费场景也将不断拓展，中国人的生产生活方式迅速向数字化绿色化转型，激发出多样化、高端化的消费新需求。在购买力和需求的双重推动下，中国的进口规模会随之扩大，中国的贸易伙伴将在更深更广的层次上分享中国大市场的发展机遇。

加快发展新质生产力也将使中国成为全球创新链中更重要的环节。越来越多外资企业正在参与到中国先进产业链的打造和创新链的升级，把在华投资的更多精力放在创新赛道上，更加注重研发和开拓具有高附加值的创新技术和服务。对很多跨国公司来说，中国已不仅是一个重要的市场，还是创新收益的“放大器”。

不少跨国公司都用追加投资对中国的创新发展投下“信任票”。扎根中国30多年的阿斯利康将投资4.75亿美元在无锡新建小分子药厂，投资7亿美元在青岛建立吸入气雾剂生产供应基地；法雷奥在上海建立“舒适驾驶辅助系统”生产研发基地；GE医疗(中国)未来三年在中国的研发投入将再翻一番。放眼世界，很难找到像中国这样规模巨大、空间广阔的投资高地，新质生产力的加快发展将进一步巩固外国企业界对“下一个中国，还是中国”的认同。

中国的不可替代，可从跨国公司财报中管窥一二。2023财年，博世集团在华销售额增长超过5%，其中智能出行是其在华业务的主要增长动力。苹果公司大中华区营收约占公司总营收五分之一。上海超级工厂已成为特斯拉在全球主要的出口中心，效率稳居同业前列。2024年4月下旬，特斯拉首席执行官马斯克时隔不到一年再度访华。一大批有远见的外国企业家已敏锐感知到中国发展新质生产力带来的新机遇。

4.2 探索新型生产关系，拓展经济治理新实践

新质生产力，是中国共产党对马克思主义政治经济学的发展和创新，其中蕴含着巨大的变革力量，也对中国经济治理能力提出了新考验。

当前，中国着力完善自身经济制度、提升经济治理能力。这种战略主动性彰显了中国的制度自信，也为其他发展中国家提供了经济治理的宝贵经验和实践范例。

4.2.1 以战略主动应对全球前沿挑战

当前，中国正在跨越后发国家普遍遭遇的“比较优势陷阱”，在许多新领域的技术研发和应用上处于领先地位，与发达国家同时面临技术发展带来的挑战。为此，中国积极完善政策规划、填补制度空白、挖掘体制机制优势，在变局中开新局，积极把握战略主动。

中国在发展数字经济方面的制度探索令人瞩目。中共十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央对发展数字经济高度重视，数据成为国家基础性战略资源。2020年4月，中共中央、国务院发布《关于构建更加完善的要素市场化配置体制机制的意见》，数据作为一种新生产要素首次写入中央文件。中国成为全球第一个在国家政策层面将数据确立为生产要素的国家。

2022年以来，中国数据要素市场发展进入快车道。2022年12月，中共中央、国务院印发《关于构建数据基础制度更好发挥数据要素作用的意见》，擘画数据要素市场发展蓝图。2023年2月，中共中央、国务院发布《数字中国建设整体布局规划》，分阶段制定目标任务，提出“到2035年数字化发展水平进入世界前列”。同年3月，中共中央、国务院发布《党和国家机构改革方案》，提出组建国家数据局。

中国将数据提升到新型生产要素的地位，顺应了数字经济发展潮流。中国努力夯实数据要素驱动基础，维护数据主权、促进数字经济发展，积极构筑数据竞争新优势；同时，积极参与数字经济国际合作及相关规则制定，让中国数据要素发展的成果和经验惠及更多国家和人民。

在应对当前全球数字治理赤字和新兴数字领域的治理挑战上，中国走在前列。2020年，中国提出的《全球数据安全倡议》，明确政府行为规范，推动企业共担责任、合作应对安全风险。2023年，中国发布的《生成式人工智能服务管理暂行办法》，是全球首部针对生成式人工智能的专门立法。同年，中国还向联合国提交了《中国关于全球数字治理有关问题的立场》，呼吁消除数字鸿沟、反对技术垄断。

围绕新型生产要素、积极主动开展各种探索与应对，展现了中国提升经济治理能力的决心和实干精神，将推动全球经济治理变革，有助于进一步激发全球经济潜能和活力。

4.2.2 经济治理新实践激发世界回响

中国发展新质生产力，推动制度创新和生产关系变革，在国际上引发强烈共鸣。

处理好政府和市场关系是中国经济体制改革的核心问题。习近平总书记提出“使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用、更好发挥政府作用”，引领社会主义市场经济理论和实践不断创新突破。

在基础研究和关键核心技术攻坚等领域，中国着力完善党中央对科技工作统一领导的体制，健全新型举国体制，强化国家战略科技力量，优化配置创新资源；在科技成果落地转化方面，更加强调市场作用，强化企业创新主体地位，这为用好“看不见的手”和“看得见的手”带来有益启示。

在全面深化改革、完善经济治理的过程中，习近平经济思想中蕴含的“先立后破”“稳中求进”“以进促稳”等方法论，受到国际社会越来越多的关注。

菲律宾“亚洲世纪”战略研究所副所长安娜·马林博格-乌伊对习近平主席谈到的“积极促进产业高端化、智能化、绿色化”给予高度评价。她认为，这一部署具有前瞻性，既强调以科技、数字经济、绿色技术等赋能经济发展，又强调平衡经济增长、科技进步与可持续发展的关系[37]。

国际社会评价，中国把形成与新质生产力相适应的新型生产关系摆在重要位置，是经济治理日益走向成熟的体现。新质生产力在中国的形成和发展，反映了中国特色社会主义制度的巨大优势与生机活力，将为人类探索更好经济治理方式提供中国方案。

4.3 赋能中国式现代化，开拓人类文明新形态

人类文明的每一次演进都离不开生产力跃迁的推动。在以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴的新征程上，中国发展新质生产力将推动文化发展、文明进步。

4.3.1 深刻践行“人与自然是生命共同体”

工业化创造了前所未有的物质财富，也造成了难以弥补的生态创伤，资源有限和人类需求无限的矛盾凸显，气候变化已成为人类面临的最严峻的挑战之一。依赖要素投入驱动，以低效率、高污染、粗放式增长方式为特征的传统生产力难以支持经济可持续发展。

相较于传统生产力，新质生产力重在以创新驱动实现生产力内涵型增长。其中一个维度就是以知识和信息、数据和算力为基础来推动产业迭代升级，从而克服自然物质资源的排他性和消耗性，摆脱对资源的过度依赖。推动新一轮生产力跃迁，并不只在于科技创新本身，更在于对“人与自然是生命共同体”的深刻认知。

生态兴则文明兴、生态衰则文明衰，这一理念已在中国成为广泛共识。中国式现代化的特征之一就是人与自然和谐共生的现代化。新质生产力有利于促进绿色低碳产业形成，推动经济社会发展全面绿色转型。“先污染、后治理”“控制自然、掠夺自然”的发展模式正在成为过去，以人与自然和谐共生为特征、追求永续发展的文明之路正在开启。

4.3.2 增强现代化进程的人本主义关怀

中国式现代化是以人为本、着眼未来的新型现代化。正如习近平总书记所说：“现代化的最终目标是实现人自由而全面的发展。现代化道路最终能否走得通、行得稳，关键要看是否坚持以人民为中心。”[38]

中国发展新质生产力，是为了让现代化的成果更多更公平惠及全体人民，推动、促进人的全面发展。因此，发展新质生产力是中国发展和改善人权的一部分。

新质生产力更加重视提高劳动者素质和培育新型劳动者，使经济发展方式由投资于物向投资于人转变。中国认为，只有在更高水平、更大范围实现人口高质量发展，才能为持续培育新质生产力提供更深厚的基础。

中国式现代化是全体人民共同富裕的现代化。中国人口规模庞大，必须创造出同人口规模相匹配的社会财富。发展新质生产力有助于培育新的经济增长点和经济增长极，进而保障持续性增长，扩大社会财富总量。中国围绕发展新质生产力健全收入分配机制，有助于缩小贫富差距，为实现共同富裕提供有力支撑。

新质生产力的发展还将使人类社会迎来新的经济形态，更多服务于“人的现代化”。这意味着人在现代化的生产生活中展现出更强的主体性、创造性和文明性。新质生产力的发展为实现人的全面发展提供了更大可能，也为人类的现代化增添了更强的人本主义关怀。

4.3.3 提振全球南方的发展自信推动文明互鉴

科学技术是时代的，也是世界的。新质生产力赋能下的中国式现代化实践对全球南方来说是个好消息。中国的技术创新、产业升级和变革经验将为后发国家的现代化开拓新的现实路径，还将推动世界经济走向更加多元平衡的未来。

中国追求的不是独善其身的现代化，而是期待同包括广大发展中国家在内的各国一道，共同实现现代化。这一愿景令人向往，也充满挑战。一方面，以资本为主宰、从产业扩张走向金融扩张，已导致一些国家经济脱实向虚，贫富差距拉大。个别国家制约知识、技术、人才等创新要素流动，打压别国具有竞争力的产业，阻碍世界发展。另一方面，后发国家长期处在“比较优势陷阱”之中，难以突破“依附式现代化”的瓶颈，在生产力发展上无法实现平等自主的跃升。

如果不能在新一轮全球经济治理体系和国际经贸规则调整过程中成为重要的参与者和贡献者，就会在全球经济和产业发展的新赛道上丧失话语权和主动权，这一点对发展中国家来说尤为迫切。在国际创新生态塑造上，中国坚持为后发国家鼓与呼，共同促进创新要素全球流动，挖掘经济增长动力，主张科技成果应该造福全人类，而不应该成为限制、遏制其他国家发展的手段。中国发布《国际科技合作倡议》，倡导践行开放、公平、公正、非歧视的国际科技合作理念，促进建设全球科技共同体；提出《全球人工智能治理倡议》，呼吁各国加强信息交流和技术合作，形成具有广泛共识的人工智能框架和标准规范。

中国还致力于把“一带一路”建成创新之路，合作建设面向共建国家的科技创新联盟和科技创新基地，为各国共同发展创造机遇和平台；主张积极用好亚太经合组织中小企业机制，办好亚太经合组织专精特新中小企业国际合作论坛，不断凝聚中小企业专精特新发展共识。

面对去全球化、逆全球化的政治逆流，中国一直坚持推进高水平制度型开放，坚持推进科技创新，倡导以更深层次的大开放、大交流、大融合来实现生产力的集体跃迁。站在人类发展新的十字路口，面对世界百年变局的风云际会，中国是经济全球化的积极参与者、坚定支持者，中国发展新质生产力将为世界带来广阔的新机遇。在同心打造人类命运共同体的过程中，坚信国际社会能走出一条合作共赢的生产力跃迁之路，开启持续繁荣、和谐共生的文明新篇章。

第五章各地发展新质生产力的探索实践

“各地要坚持从实际出发，先立后破、因地制宜、分类指导，根据本地的资源禀赋、产业基础、科研条件等，有选择地推动新产业、新模式、新动能发展，用新技术改造提升传统产业，积极促进产业高端化、智能化、绿色化。”[39]

——习近平

按照习近平总书记关于发展新质生产力的重要指示和党中央决策部署，中国各地立足全国发展大局，坚持从实际出发、因地制宜，在加快培育和形成新质生产力上勇于创新探索，不断取得进展，涌现出一批典型案例和经验做法，为高质量发展提供新启示、打开新空间。

5.1 摘取造船工业“皇冠上的明珠”

造船工业“皇冠上的明珠”——大型邮轮建造又传来好消息。第二艘国产大型邮轮开始总装搭载，建造进入加速期。

2024年4月20日，长341米、宽37.2米、总吨位超14万吨的国产大型邮轮“2号船”，进入中国船舶集团上海外高桥造船有限公司的2号船坞，这标志着中国邮轮批量化设计建造能力基本形成。

2023年11月，首艘国产大型邮轮“爱达·魔都号”命名交付，让中国在全球大型邮轮设计建造领域有了一席之地。2024年1月，“爱达·魔都号”开启商业首航，驶入百姓生活。

放眼全球，国产大型邮轮打破了欧美国家的长期垄断；回看当下，中国巨大的消费市场和丰富的应用场景，让这些大国重器的产业化发展天高海阔。

“重器”自有乾坤大。这不仅在于百万级、千万级零部件的体量之大，更在于综合研制、集成创新的难度之大，还在于关键攻关、产业升级的带动之大。

大型邮轮、大型LNG船、航空母舰，造船工业的“三颗明珠”已经全部集齐，从这些先进制造高端装备、科技创新标志性成果中，可以梳理出中国高端制造业拾级而上、勇攀高峰的内在逻辑。

一看实践力。从国产大型邮轮的建造基地——中国船舶集团上海外高桥造船有限公司，驶向全球航运市场的大型船舶数以百计，无论是超大型集装箱船，还是海洋石油钻井平台都被一一攻克，这些都是中国新型工业化发展的引领性工程，设计建造大型邮轮，代表着中国造船工业实力再上新台阶。国产大型邮轮集纳了全球1500家供应商，形成的邮轮供应链“图谱”，为大型邮轮批量化建造打下坚实基础。

二看创新力。高端装备本身就是创新能力的“试炼场”。通过大型邮轮项目，中国建立了首支邮轮设计国家队，培养了一批大型邮轮研发设计的核心骨干人才，通过基础科研与实船工程的交叉验证，攻克了邮轮总体布置、美学设计、安全返港、替代设计等多项关键技术。

一艘船就是一个创新平台、一条产业链、一扇开放窗口。2023年，中国三大造船指标实现全面增长，国际市场份额首次全部超过50%。统计数据显示，全球18种主要船型中，中国共有14种船型新接订单量位列全球第一。

三看带动力。大型邮轮以其“巨系统”工程的复杂集成和精益工艺成为造船工业高端装备的巅峰产品。高端装备本身就是创新能力的试炼场。随着批量化生产的实现，国产大型邮轮越来越本土化。上海外高桥造船有限公司在持续加强国际合作的同时不断提升本土配套率，推动建设本土邮轮配套产业集群，打造完备的邮轮产业链条。

当前，除了国产大型邮轮“2号船”，上海外高桥造船还在加快研究超大型、中小型邮轮的设计研发，以期形成邮轮产品的谱系化、规模化发展，形成一支国产大型邮轮船队。通过邮轮项目，有助于构建起集技术需求、产品开发、技术创新、技术验证、产业化于一体的工业创新体系。

5.2 安徽打造量子科创高地

近年来，量子科技发展突飞猛进。在致力于打造量子信息科创高地的安徽，量子产业正在蓬勃而起，目前已集聚量子科技产业链企业60余家、居全国前列。

在中科大先进技术研究院所在的合肥高新区，云飞路因遍布着数十家量子科技产业链企业，已成为国内知名的“量子大街”。世界首条千公里级量子保密通信“京沪干线”、全球首颗量子科学实验卫星“墨子号”、实现“量子计算优越性”里程碑的“九章”量子计算原型机等均诞生于这里及附近。

2023年，首个国家级“量子信息未来产业科技园”在合肥高新区揭牌运行。从实验室成果，迈向“量子大街”应用，再到科技园聚链成势，量子通信、量子计算、量子精密测量产业链三大方向正步入科技产业化“快车道”，提高应用领域生产力水平。

一个中部省份，如何能在量子信息新赛道上一路疾驰？

技术创新是关键。安徽已经形成包括多个研究机构的量子信息基础研究体系，近年成功构建255个光子的量子计算原型机“九章三号”、66比特可编程超导量子计算原型机“祖冲之二号”等。同时，逐渐建立前沿科研“沿途下蛋”机制，布局一批科技成果转化平台，承接高校、科研院所的科技成果就地转化孵化，让量子技术得到更快发展。

场景创新是缩短基础创新和应用端距离的重要探索。安徽通过开放企业生产、政府应用等各领域的场景，为科技企业新技术、新产品和创新解决方案提供真实的应用示范机会，加速科技成果应用和迭代。

得益于政务场景的开放，2012年，科大国盾量子在企业起步阶段，完成了合肥城域量子通信试验示范网建设。这是全球首个规模化量子通信网络，也是科大国盾量子的量子通信技术从实验室走向工程化的重要节点。如今合肥量子城域网已经建成运行，铺设网络光纤1147公里，覆盖8个核心站点、159个用户节点，提供量子安全接入服务和数据传输服务。

企业是创新的主体，创新是企业生命活力的源泉。通过实施科技重大专项、建设创新平台、企业人才引进等方式支持量子企业发展，合肥目前的量子专利累计申请量居全国城市首位。

在国仪量子，2023年企业研发投入占比近30%，600多名员工中，研发人员占比近70%。正是有了重点研发项目、人才政策等各类支持，国仪量子坚持原始创新，突破一批关键核心技术。如今，其量子测量技术已应用至石油勘探、生命科学、航天航空等诸多领域，去年公司成交订单额超过5亿元。

5.3 杭州城西科创大走廊培育增长新引擎

打开杭州地图，东起浙江大学紫金港校区，经过紫金港科技城、未来科技城、青山湖科技城，西至浙江农林大学，绵延39公里、面积约416平方公里，形成了一条宽阔的“大走廊”。这就是杭州城西科创大走廊。

通过无人机视角俯瞰大走廊，这里颇具未来感。“国之重器”超重力实验场犹如展翼的宇宙飞船，之江实验室、西湖实验室等5个浙江省实验室环绕分布，鳞次栉比的高楼里有3354家国家级高新技术企业、91个国家级科创平台、58万名专业技术人才。2023年起，这里每个工作日都能新增80家企业，为经济高质量发展提供源源不断的动力。

杭州亚残运会开幕式上点燃主火炬的“仿生手”、在亚运村地下8米深处默默巡检的四足机器狗，这些“火爆出圈”的高科技产品都来自大走廊。

走进大走廊，来到国内唯一一家脑机接口领域独角兽企业浙江强脑科技有限公司的展厅，“吉祥如意！”失去双手的强脑科技产品体验官倪敏成靠一双智能仿生手，写出了让人赞叹的毛笔字。

目前，大走廊正在致力于打造世界级数字科技产业集群与战略性新兴产业集群。在业内专家看来，多年来大走廊通过相关政策，鼓励人才引入、技术研发与引导市场应用，为产业发展积累了深厚的市场基础，已经构建了优势明显的产业环境。

“大走廊最大的特点，在于打造一个创新创业生态系统，聚齐了5大要素，有为政府、知名高校、头部领军企业、多元多层次的投资人和创业者。”每日互动董事长方毅说，这五大要素保证了产业发展的政策支持、人才输出、技术创新、资本支撑、创业项目等能够长期持续。

为更好服务企业、促进高质量发展，杭州出台了城西科创大走廊产业、人才、科技专项政策，去年以来，30余个市直部门先后赴大走廊对接服务。在人才“蓄水池”打造、公共设施建设、整体智治方面均取得亮眼成效。

2023年4月，从斩获高规格网络安全大赛一等奖，到带领团队把初创公司落户于大走廊的梦想小镇，26岁的母浩文只用了3天。在母浩文看来，大走廊对他们团队项目的了解令人吃惊，这里的创业氛围、产业配套、热情服务都令他们无法拒绝。

目前，大走廊正依托创新基础优势，加速培育经济增长新引擎。2023年，大走廊实现产业增加值3500亿元，其中高新技术产业增加值贡献率占比超过85%。

5.4 北京“星谷”助力航天强国梦

北京中关村，后厂村以北、东玉河以南的北清路沿线，多家商业卫星及产业链企业星罗棋布，聚集在一片叫作“星谷”的热土上。一批商业卫星从这里飞出，飞向太空，创造了商业航天多个高光时刻。

“3，2，1，点火！”2024年4月28日，位于北京“星谷”的遨天科技公司，专门为太空卫星量身打造的氪气电推进发动机正在智能制造车间开展点火试验。

遨天科技研发总监刘同波说，这款自主研发的专用于卫星的新能源发动机，能节省90%推进剂、降低40%卫星质量，高可靠、高效率、低成本地助推卫星快速入轨。

遨天科技，这项技术背后的科技企业仅成立6年，已实现在轨订单、产品交付、应用数量、技术成熟度等多项领先。而这仅是北京“星谷”逐梦太空的一个缩影。

北京是中国航天事业的发源地之一。“星谷”所在的北京海淀，航天科技、航天科工、中国科学院等机构聚集，是北京“南箭北星”产业布局中“北星”的主要承载地。这里坐拥商业航天产业链企业及机构近200家，初步形成了涵盖卫星研制、卫星测控、卫星运营等卫星相关的全产业链生态。

向着最前沿的技术执着攻关，瞄准“卡脖子”领域与行业空白，以技术创新力铸就核心竞争力，塑造了“星谷”的独特优势。

“星谷”运营方中关村意谷（北京）科技服务有限公司董事长姜珂说，“星谷”的企业成立时间不长，但不少企业“小步快跑”，短短几年就完成了从“村高新”到“国高新”的跨越。

业绩节节攀升、年营业收入已突破5亿元的国科天成尝到了自主研发的甜头。不久前，其自主研发的红外组件因极高的性价比，让海外市场加急增派订单。

产品的抢手，与企业深耕光电领域、注重自主研发密不可分。国科天成董事长罗珏典感慨，创新之路是一场没有终点的马拉松。一步一个脚印向前，才能赢得一个接一个突破。

先行先试的机制创新、向前一步的主动服务，更让创新主体心无旁骛、放心发展。2024年，北京市印发加快商业航天创新发展行动方案（2024-2028年），海淀区发布建设商业航天创新高地行动计划（2024-2028年），统筹市区两级资源，推动产业链条提质、应用场景开放、创新生态优化。

瞄准卫星组网与通信、宇航遥感与监测等关键核心领域，北京设立北京市自然科学基金商业航天领域联合基金，支持原始创新，基金规模累计高达3.8亿元，目前北京已有7个区39家企业参与。

“星谷”的辐射力日益扩大，巩固了区域发展新优势。如今，北京海淀正向着“双百双千”的新目标进发——力争到2028年建成100万平方米产业空间，培育100家专精特新企业，在轨运行卫星数量超1000颗，商业航天产业规模超1000亿元，为加快实现空天信息科技领域的创新突破、托起航天强国梦贡献新力量。

5.5 在光电子信息产业领域独树一帜的“中国光谷”

成立于1988年的武汉东湖高新区，是中国第一根光纤的诞生地、国家光电子信息产业基地，其规模和创新实力突出，被誉为“中国光谷”。目前，这里已聚集1.6万家光电子信息企业，涵盖光纤应用延伸的光芯屏端网全产业链，地区生产总值超2700亿元。

一个个“首创”“第一”在此诞生。例如，全国首个400G相干商用硅光收发芯片、世界领先的232层三维闪存存储芯片、全国首台最大功率10万瓦的工业光纤激光器等。

一根光纤拉出世界级光电子信息产业基地。“中国光谷”聚焦“光”引领、矢志“芯”突破、推动“屏”崛起、促进“端”成长、强化“网”赋能，深入实施建链补链延链计划，打造具有国际竞争力的产业集群。

瞄准核心技术，一批位于“中国光谷”的光电子信息企业强化自主创新意识，以标准开路，不仅引领中国市场，还成功进入海外市场，牢牢掌握产业发展主导权。

武汉光迅科技股份有限公司，是中国最大光通信器件供货商之一，也是一家专注光电子器件系统性、战略性研发的高科技企业。该企业研发人员抓住光纤通信带宽向C++波段演进的趋势，于2020年研制出光纤放大器产品，树立了这一领域的国际标准。

中国信科集团，通过坚持自主研发，拥有专利超2万件，90%为发明专利，主导制定80余项相关国际标准，培育了一批具备国际视野、技术精专的标准人才队伍。

“中国光谷”致力于打造一批科学研究基础设施，聚集世界各地才智、建立创新生态系统、打造开放共享的科研中心。湖北九峰山实验室便是其中之一。

“科技创新要‘从0到1’，更要实现‘从1到10’的突破。”湖北九峰山实验室主任丁琪超介绍，实验室已建成业界领先的化合物半导体基础设施，包括9000平方米洁净室以及一流的化合物半导体工艺、检测、材料平台等。

当前，上百个项目同时在此运转，不仅注重联合学界、产业界围绕共性关键技术的堵点进行前沿探索和技术攻关，也注重打通全产业链条中的断点，推动产学研融合发展。

在这里，孵化加速及制造基地也应运而生。在湖北九峰山实验室南面，研发办公楼、中试车间、洁净厂房、会议中心、人才公寓等设施已经启动建设，“政产学研金服用”创新共同体有望再结硕果。

5.6 中国西部科技创新港打造“没有围墙的大学”

在西安交通大学的中国西部科技创新港，新型储能与能量转换纳米材料研究中心的研发平台正对多种储能与能量转换材料展开试验。这一共享技术平台成立至今，不仅取得多项技术突破，而且已孵化出5家新能源领域企业，涉及锂电池、钠电池、制氢、储氢等领域。

西安一九零八新能源科技有限公司就是其中之一。这家依托西安交通大学原创性科技成果转化成立的高新技术企业，为解决氢能储运行业痛点，开发出系列新型高密度固态储氢材料，可满足氢气的长期存储、长途运输等需求，并能广泛用于工业供氢、电力能源、移动应用等场景，技术已处于国际前列。

“新兴领域企业在发展初期不可能离开高校的滋养。”公司创始人、西安交通大学教授成永红表示，在中试平台建成投用之前，企业一直在与创新港一墙之隔的小区里办公，就是为了人员、信息等要素无缝对接。在这些方面，西安交通大学发挥着重要的支撑作用。

中国西部科技创新港是陕西省和西安交通大学积极融入共建“一带一路”倡议，以及落实创新驱动发展，推动西部大开发的重要平台，位于西安西咸新区的一期由平台区、学院区及孵化区构成，其中平台区已在理、工、医、文四大方向建立了8大平台、30个研究院和300多个科研平台，汇聚3万名科技人才。

作为西安交通大学“打破围墙办大学”理念探索的有力载体，中国西部科技创新港积极探索“一中心、一孵化、两围绕、一共享”产学研深度融合新模式，着力汇聚全球创新资源、聚焦国家发展战略、对接地方产业需求、引入各类金融资本、培育良好创新生态、培养卓越创新人才，截至目前已与170多家领军企业、科研院所开展务实合作。

更多探索在推进：强调体系化、任务型的创新联合体，锚定重大目标，让学术界与产业界的联结更为紧密。通过引入金融资本，建立大企业承载的技术成果转化孵化器，做到“成熟一批、孵化一批”。发挥“双一流”大学的吸引力，建立起校企联合的海外高端人才引进、培养和使用机制，努力实现学校招、企业供、政府助、多方赢。

“在创新联合体中，校企双方通过组建‘科学家+工程师’团队，打破传统的‘甲乙双方、一个项目、一纸合同、一笔经费’合作模式，加快企业主导的产学研深度融合。”西安交通大学党委书记卢建军介绍。

2021年以来，西安交通大学从3万余项存量技术成果中梳理1300项易于转化的成果推送给企业，学校转让、许可专利1000余件，已实现转化科技型企业204家。

5.7 山东加速数实融合推动产业数字化

位于潍坊高新技术产业开发区的潍柴集团一号工厂总装车间内，一台台工业机器人快速“飞舞”，一辆辆自动导向车（AGV）忙碌奔走，从物料投放到在线检测，再到生产节拍提升，实时监测、动态调整，设备的自动化率达到99%。随处可见的电子显示屏上，反映生产进度的数字持续跳动，平均每85秒就有一台柴油发动机下线。

作为国家首批智能制造试点示范项目，潍柴加速推进新一代信息技术与制造融合应用。视觉识别、在线检测、机器人等诸多智能制造技术被广泛应用于生产过程；信息化支撑平台犹如“数字大脑”，覆盖产品全生命周期，不仅推动生产的智能化、自动化、数字化，还延展至整个企业运营。

潍柴是山东加速数实融合、推动传统制造业改造升级发展新质生产力的一个典型代表。

近年来，山东出台《关于加快数字经济高质量发展的意见》《山东省制造业数字化转型行动方案(2022-2025年)》等一系列政策，创建全国首个中小企业数字化转型促进中心，推出数字产业化“十大工程”和产业数字化“八大行动”，加强数字人才队伍建设，省级层面启动设立100亿元专项基金，国家级工业互联网平台数量、产业数字化指数、制造业数字化转型指数、数实融合指数均居全国前列。

建设工业互联网平台，是推动产业数字化的重要抓手。山东持续开展“工赋山东”专项行动，加快工业互联网规模化应用，着力打造一批典型场景，带动企业批量数字化转型。

在有“中国轴承之乡”之称的聊城临清市，依托工业互联网平台，全市轴承产业已上“云”企业超过400家、设备5000余台套，相关企业平均用工、能耗减少20%，竞争力大大增强。

目前，山东拥有47个国家级工业互联网平台，省级以上平台累计接入工业设备超1000万台，服务全国企业300余万家。

为实现政府、行业及企业间的数据聚、通、用，山东大力推进“产业大脑”建设。目前，山东已先后培育32个省级“产业大脑”。“产业大脑”省级能力中心已汇聚“小快轻准”产品和解决方案957个，服务中小微企业49500家。浪潮云洲参与打造的山东专用车整车“产业大脑”，降低行业原材料供需匹配时间70%，多款专用车零部件生产成本下降近四分之一。

同时，山东持续推进数字基建。截至2023年底，山东累计建成开通5G基站20.2万个、确定性网络1.18万公里，接入工业互联网标识解析国家顶级节点29个，注册在用物联网终端数达2.3亿个。

2023年，山东全省规上工业企业数字化转型覆盖率达到87.3%，中小企业特色产业集群工业互联网应用普及率达到50%。山东规划，2024年全省规上工业企业数字化转型覆盖率达到90%左右，到2025年数字经济总量占全省生产总值比重超过50%。

5.8 新能源汽车产业的重庆实践

2024年4月中旬，德国总理朔尔茨访问中国，首站便来到位于中国西南的直辖市——重庆，并携奔驰、宝马等汽车企业高管一起参观了博世氢动力系统(重庆)有限公司。

作为中国汽车工业重镇，重庆近年来抢抓新能源汽车产业风口，着力打造新能源汽车创新高地，形成了以16家新能源整车企业、约200家规模以上配套企业为基础，涵盖纯电、增程、混合动力、氢动力等全技术路线，融合智能网联、自动驾驶等技术的全产业链“图谱”。

2023年，博世氢动力系统（重庆）有限公司氢动力总成产品出货量超过1000台，位居国内前列。基于这些成果，其母公司之一的庆铃汽车，相继推出从4.5吨至18吨不同规格的氢动力商用车，在推进前沿技术产业化方面走在前列。

走进长安汽车全球研发中心，一辆辆兼具科技感与高颜值的新能源汽车依次排列，全电数字平台、高算力中央计算平台等最新科技成果也集中展示。长安汽车董事长朱华荣说，多年来公司持续加码研发，已掌握600余项智能互联、智能驾驶等领域技术。

在打造新能源汽车创新高地的过程中，重庆意识到这不仅需要整车及配套企业精耕细作、换道超车，还需要ICT及互联网企业的加持。瞄准产业跨界合作发展趋势，重庆近年来引入华为、百度等企业，推动前沿技术先行先试、试点示范，有力驱动了产业发展。

打开手机App一键“召唤”，一辆无人驾驶汽车旋即驶来，将乘客送达目的地后自行离去……这样的智慧出行场景，每天在重庆永川区上演。2022年，百度公司在永川率先开展全无人化自动驾驶商业运营，并以场景应用带动产业落地，陆续吸引了酷哇科技、聚速毫米波雷达等10余家企业聚集成势。

技术创新带来产品竞争力的提升——2024年一季度，重庆新能源汽车产量同比增速超过100%，预计全年产量将达到100万辆。其中，重庆赛力斯汽车首次实现季度盈利2.2亿元。得益于与华为公司联合打造问界（AITO）这一高端品牌，华为公司的汽车软硬件技术在赛力斯汽车全面开花，问界品牌累计销量接近30万辆，其中问界新M7车型累计交付量超12万辆。

“当前，重庆正从整车研发制造、关键零部件配套及应用场景搭建、充换电基础设施建设等多方面持续发力，打造万亿元级智能网联新能源汽车产业集群。”重庆市经济和信息化委员会有关负责人说，重庆也正在积极推进自动驾驶及车联网创新应用，加快软件、人工智能与汽车产业深度融合，为汽车行业未来发展蓄力。

5.9 粤港澳大湾区建设活跃科技集群

得益于广州“天河二号”超级计算机以及高效高精算法技术分析，香港大学副教授林赞育能更加便捷地在海量的病原体基因数据以及其他流行病学和生态学数据中，追踪重要病原体的起源、传播和进化。

同样在广州超算的助力下，香港科技大学海洋动力和模拟研究组甘剑平教授团队开发了新的三维、高分辨率中国海多尺度海洋环流模型，其科研成果取得了重大突破。

“过去5年，港科大共有超过200位教师使用广州超算。广州超算中心提供的平台，让我们可以做一些原来做不了的事情。”香港科技大学霍英东研究院院长高民说。

粤港澳大湾区科创资源密集、创新创业活跃。近年来，三地携手推进大湾区国际科技创新中心和综合性国家科学中心建设，促进创新要素高效联通、创新效能持续增强、创新产业蓬勃发展，不断释放科技创新的“湾区力量”。

在南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室（广州），大湾区海洋科技力量正在展开合作。这家实验室把总部设在广州南沙，并在香港、深圳分别设立了分部，向香港分部拨付3800万元人民币。

“香港和内地科技交流不断扩大，各方面正在创造条件，鼓励香港科技工作者参与内地科技计划。”该实验室香港分部主任、香港科技大学海洋科学系创系主任钱培元说。

协同引才也按下“快进键”。横琴粤澳深度合作区发挥琴澳两地制度和资源叠加优势，探索琴澳协同引才新模式，充分利用澳门大学、澳门科技大学人才“蓄水池”作用，引进集聚一批具备较高专业素养、熟悉国际市场运作、有志于创新创业的人才。

粤港澳大湾区内的城市，具有各自的突出优势。广州高校和科研院所云集，基础科研能力突出，拥有国家实验室、综合类国家技术创新中心、国家重大科技基础设施等国家级重大平台。深圳企业力量优势突出，全社会研发投入的94%都来自企业。香港拥有世界百强大学中的5所，特区政府公布了《香港创新科技发展蓝图》，并在过去几年投入超2000亿港元，加速创新生态的蓬勃发展。

得益于城市之间优势互补，粤港澳大湾区不断激发科技集群发展的巨大潜力。世界知识产权组织2023年9月发布的2023年版全球创新指数（GII）“科技集群”排名显示，深圳—香港—广州集群位列第二，这也是该科技集群连续4年排名高居全球第二位。

目前，粤港澳科技创新规则衔接、机制对接正在进一步深化，积极推动钱过境、人往来、税平衡、物流通，更好地集聚创新要素。这也意味着，在“一国两制”下，推动不同制度和体系之间的互动、开放，进而产生更多化学反应，让大湾区在基础科研、应用技术等方面实现更好的融合发展。

5.10 成渝共建西部科学城努力形成创新高地

“目前，平台已上线仪器设备272台（套）、发布技术服务清单232项，为来自成渝及全国100余家集成电路设计企业提供数千次的专业服务。”天府新区集成电路设计创新公共平台企业经营发展中心负责人说。

这家位于西部（成都）科学城的公共平台，有“芯片医院”之称，能为企业解决概念验证、产品研发、中试生产中的技术难题，让成渝两地芯片企业大幅降低研发成本、研发周期也大大缩短。

成渝地区双城经济圈建设提出4年来，两地围绕建设具有全国影响力的科技创新中心，高水平共建西部科学城。

近年来，西部（成都）科学城构建形成“一核四区多基地”空间布局，构建“国家实验室+省级实验室+重点实验室”的高水平实验室体系，加快建设西部首个国家实验室，构筑学科方向关联、功能互相支撑的大装置集群。西部（重庆）科学城通过聚力打造数智科技、生命健康、新材料、绿色低碳4大科创高地，在人工智能、区块链、云计算、大数据等16个重要领域深耕发展。

围绕共建西部科学城，成渝两地相向而行，突出做优做强创新策源转化核心功能、培育壮大现代产业体系，创新资源不断汇聚、创新活力积极迸发的新格局初步成型。

一是协同布局重大创新平台。截至今年3月底，川渝全国重点实验室数量已达27个，重大科技平台319个，新建国家科技创新基地22个，建成国家级创新平台316个。目前，西部科学城上万台套大型仪器设备已经实现开放共享，川渝联合实施的核心技术攻关项目超过160项，攻克了一批难题。

二是优势互补深化产研合作。四川天府新区企业联合重庆科研院所开展科研项目9个，其中航天科工大数据、远望探测公司获得成都市区域合作科技项目支持；成都超算中心已与中科院重庆绿色智能研究院、重庆塞力斯汽车等50余家用户建立了合作关系。

三是突出特色发力科技服务。成渝两地将科技服务作为推动技术创新和成果转化的重要抓手。例如，天府国际技术转移中心与两江新区明月湖协同创新研究院合作，在链接两地资源、推动要素互通上进一步创新探索。

以共建西部科学城为牵引，川渝科技成果转化能量正充分释放，两地汇聚科技型企业近7万家、高新技术企业2.1万家，技术合同登记成交额突破2800亿元。

结语

中国共产党从诞生之日起就代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，肩负变革旧的生产关系、建立新的生产关系的历史使命。

发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点。中共十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央把进一步解放和发展社会生产力作为实现中华民族伟大复兴最根本和最紧迫的任务，指引中国经济进入高质量发展阶段。在发展新质生产力、实现高质量发展、建设社会主义现代化国家这一必然的逻辑推进中，新质生产力的形成和发展将为中国顺应新一轮科技革命和产业变革趋势，努力实现社会生产力可持续跨越式发展，以高质量发展推进中国式现代化、全面建成社会主义现代化强国提供重要支撑。

生产力是人类社会发展的根本动力。面对全球发展面临的共同挑战，新质生产力将为人类社会生产力发展打开新思路新空间，不仅能够推动中国自身的现代化建设，也将惠及广大发展中国家乃至整个人类社会的现代化进程。

注释

[1] 《习近平在中共中央政治局第十一次集体学习时强调加快发展新质生产力扎实推进高质量发展》，新华社，2024年2月1日

[2] 《习近平在中共中央政治局第十一次集体学习时强调加快发展新质生产力扎实推进高质量发展》，新华社，2024年2月1日

[3] 《马克思恩格斯文集》第7卷，人民出版社，2009年12月

[4] 《资本论：第一卷》，人民出版社，2018年4月

[5] 《当代中国马克思主义评论（第2辑）》，社会科学文献出版社，2018年4月

[6] 《共产党宣言》，人民出版社，2015年1月

[7] 《毛泽东文集》第7卷，人民出版社，1999年6月

[8] 《邓小平文选第三卷》，人民出版社，2001年4月

[9] 《习近平：切实把思想统一到党的十八届三中全会精神上来》，新华社，2013年12月31日

[10] 《习近平强调，坚持科技是第一生产力人才是第一资源创新是第一动力》，新华社，2022年10月16日

[11] 《习近平在中共中央政治局第十一次集体学习时强调推动全党学习和掌握历史唯物主义更好认识规律更加能动地推进工作》，新华社，2013年12月4日

[12] 《习近平在中共中央政治局第十一次集体学习时强调加快发展新质生产力扎实推进高质量发展》，新华社，2024年2月1日

[13] 《马克思恩格斯全集（第三卷）》，人民出版社，2002年10月

[14] 《习近平：在纪念马克思诞辰200周年大会上的讲话》，新华社，2018年5月4日

[15] 《习近平：高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜为全面建设社会主义现代化国家而团结奋斗——在中国共产党第二十次全国代表大会上的报告》，新华社，2022年10月25日

[16] 国家统计局：《中华人民共和国2023年国民经济和社会发展统计公报》，2024年2月

[17] 《习近平在中共中央政治局第十一次集体学习时强调加快发展新质生产力扎实推进高质量发展》，新华社，2024年2月1日

[18] 《马克思恩格斯文集》，人民出版社，2009年

[19] 《邓小平文选（全三卷）》，人民出版社，1994年

[20] 《习近平在湖南考察时强调坚持改革创新求真务实奋力谱写中国式现代化湖南篇章蔡奇陪同考察》，新华社，2024年3月21日

[21] 《习近平：在中国科学院第十九次院士大会、中国工程院第十四次院士大会上的讲话》，新华社，2018年5月28日

[22] 《习近平在中共中央政治局第三次集体学习时强调切实加强基础研究夯实科技自立自强根基》，新华社，2023年2月22日

[23] 《习近平主持召开新时代推动东北全面振兴座谈会强调：牢牢把握东北的重要使命奋力谱写东北全面振兴新篇章蔡奇丁薛祥出席》，新华社，2023年9月9日

[24] 《习近平在参加江苏代表团审议时强调：因地制宜发展新质生产力》，新华社，2024年3月5日

[25] 《习近平在中共中央政治局第十一次集体学习时强调加快发展新质生产力扎实推进高质量发展》，新华社，2024年2月1日

[26]《习近平：在经济社会领域专家座谈会上的讲话》，新华社，2020年8月24日

[27] 《习近平在中共中央政治局第十一次集体学习时强调加快发展新质生产力扎实推进高质量发展》，新华社，2024年2月1日

[28] 《习近平在中共中央政治局第十一次集体学习时强调加快发展新质生产力扎实推进高质量发展》，新华社，2024年2月1日

[29] 《习近平在中共中央政治局第十一次集体学习时强调加快发展新质生产力扎实推进高质量发展》，新华社，2024年2月1日

[30] 《习近平在中共中央政治局第十一次集体学习时强调加快发展新质生产力扎实推进高质量发展》，新华社，2024年2月1日

[31] 《习近平主持召开中央全面深化改革委员会第二次会议强调建设更高水平开放型经济新体制推动能耗双控逐步转向碳排放双控》，新华社，2023年7月11日

[32]《习近平在第三届“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛开幕式上的主旨演讲》，新华社，2023年10月18日

[33] 《习近平接受外国新任驻华大使递交国书》，新华社，2024年1月30日

[34] 《彭博社：中国将是未来5年全球经济增长最大贡献者贡献率超七国集团》，新华社，2024年4月20日

[35] 《外媒：渲染中国“绿色产能过剩”危及全球能源转型》，新华社，2024年4月22日

[36] 《世界坐标中的中国经济基本面》，新华社，2024年2月8日

[37] 《打造中国经济向“新”力共建繁荣美好世界——习近平总书记关于发展新质生产力重要论述引发海外人士热议》，新华社，2024年3月6日

[38] 《习近平在中国共产党与世界政党高层对话会上的主旨讲话》，新华社，2023年3月15日

[39] 《习近平在参加江苏代表团审议时强调因地制宜发展新质生产力》，新华社，2024年3月5日

名词解释

1、国家实验室体系

是指以国家实验室为核心，全国重点实验室为支撑，各类科技创新基地协同合作、良性互动的平台体系。建设结构合理、运行高效的国家实验室体系，一方面要以国家目标和战略需求为导向，加速推进国家实验室建设，建立跨学科、大协同科研组织模式；另一方面要优化整合现有国家重点实验室，通过调整、充实、整合、撤销等方式，提升创新链和产业链支撑能力。

2、未来产业

是指由前沿科技创新驱动，当前处于萌芽阶段或产业化初期，具备成长为先导产业和支柱产业的巨大发展潜力，对未来经济社会发展具有重大引领和变革作用的前瞻性新兴产业。

3、现代化基础设施体系

是指围绕推进中国式现代化、保障总体国家安全、构筑国际竞争新优势，在各领域基础设施发展基础之上，通过完善布局、优化结构、拓展功能和系统集成，形成的设施网络完备、枢纽节点支撑有力、装备技术先进、管理服务高效的有机整体，主要包括交通、能源、水利、信息（数字）以及生态、环境、科技、金融等基础设施。

4、新型基础设施

是以信息网络为基础，以技术创新为驱动，提供数字转型、智能升级、融合创新等方面的基础性、公共性服务，其内涵随着新技术的成熟应用而不断拓展。当前主要包括三类：一是信息基础设施。主要是指基于新一代信息技术演化生成的基础设施，包括5G网络、数据中心等基础设施。二是融合基础设施。主要是指深度应用信息技术，促进传统基础设施转型升级，进而形成的基础设施新形态，包括智能交通物流设施等。三是创新基础设施。主要是指支撑科学研究、技术开发、产品及服务研制的基础设施，包括科学研究设施等。

5、产业创新工程

是指推动新兴产业、未来产业发展的重要抓手，围绕重大工程项目建设、战略性产品开发、应用场景拓展等实际需求，组织实施关键核心技术攻关、中试验证能力建设、自主创新产品应用示范，一体化配置项目、基地、人才、资金等创新资源，推动产业链上中下游、大中小企业融通创新，打造具有全球竞争力的新兴产业集群，真正把创新落实到创造新的增长点上。

6、国家战略性新兴产业集群发展工程

是指为抢抓新一轮科技革命和产业变革制高点、构建国际竞争新优势，国家部署推进的一项系统性工程。通过培育若干具有全球影响力的战略性新兴产业基地、布局一批具备国际竞争力的战略性新兴产业集群、引导地方建设和发展各具特色的战略性新兴产业生态，推动战略性新兴产业融合化、集群化、生态化发展，培育壮大新的增长点增长极，构建各具特色、优势互补、结构合理的战略性新兴产业集群梯次发展体系。

7、“人工智能+”行动

“人工智能+”行动推动人工智能技术与经济社会各领域深度融合，支撑各行业应用创新，赋能百业智能化转型升级，提高生产效率，激发创新活力，重塑产业生态，培育经济发展新动能，形成更广泛的以人工智能为创新要素的经济社会发展新形态。

8、东数西算

2022年，按照中共中央、国务院部署，围绕落实国家重大区域发展战略，根据能源结构、产业布局、市场发展、气候环境等情况，在京津冀、长三角、粤港澳大湾区、成渝，以及内蒙古、贵州、甘肃、宁夏等地布局建设国家算力枢纽节点，发展数据中心集群，引导数据中心集约化、规模化、绿色化发展。“东数西算”工程是在全国一体化统筹布局算力基础设施建设，有利于充分发挥体制机制优势，优化算力资源配置，深化东西部算力协同。

9、“数据要素×”行动

是指聚焦重点行业和领域，推动数据要素与劳动力、资本、技术等要素协同，促进数据多场景应用、多主体复用，加快多元数据融合，提高全要素生产率，开辟经济增长新空间，培育经济发展新动能。

10、海陆空全空间无人体系市场准入建设

海陆空全空间无人体系是通过对无人机、无人车、无人船、电动垂直起降飞行器等海陆空多种无人装备及其配套基础设施一体运行和监管的新型物流运输体系。完善市场准入规则，系统性构建无人体系政策法规、标准检测认证、数据管理、运行监管等体制机制，优化空域资源、数据算力、通信频率、路权分配、国土空间等要素资源的配置方式，形成低空经济、物流交通、车路协同等领域融合发展的新动能。2022年1月，经中共中央、国务院同意，国家发展改革委以市场准入特别措施的形式推动开展海陆空全空间无人体系建设。2023年9月，安徽省合肥市建成全球首个全空间无人体系城市级应用示范项目。按照有关工作安排，2024年将发布一批海陆空全空间无人体系技术标准，建设检测认证平台，在横琴粤澳深度合作区、广州市南沙新区等地推广示范经验。

参考文献

1. 韩文秀，《巩固和增强经济回升向好态势》，人民日报，2024年1月

2. 国家发展改革委，《加快建设全国统一大市场为构建新发展格局提供坚强支撑》，求是，2022年6月

3. 怀进鹏，《加快建设教育强国》，人民日报，2022年12月

4. 习近平经济思想研究中心，《新质生产力的内涵特征和发展重点》，人民日报，2024年3月

5. 孙学工、荣晨，《中国新质生产力为全球发展注入新动能，光明日报，2024年3月

6. 卢延纯，《夯实数据要素驱动基础培育数据资产价格链》，价格理论与实践，2023年第3期

7. 胡拥军，《前瞻布局未来产业：优势条件、实践探索与政策取向》，《改革》，2023年第9期

8. 张于喆，《加快战略性新兴产业融合集群发展》，经济日报，2024年6月

9. 贺俊，《新质生产力的经济学本质与核心命题》，人民论坛杂志，2024年

10. 燕连福，《统筹教育科技人才工作推动新质生产力发展》，光明日报，2024年4月

11. 陈启清，《健全和完善生产要素参与分配机制》，人民网，2020年3月

12. 刘志彪，《发展新质生产力为世界经济注入新活力》，光明日报，2024年4月

13. 吴文，《加快形成新质生产力事关中国现代化全局》，北京日报，2023年10月

14. 席伟健，《新质生产力将改变地缘政治格局》，环球网，2023年12月

编写说明

《更好赋能中国繁荣世界——新质生产力的理论贡献和实践价值》智库报告课题组由新华通讯社社长、新华社国家高端智库学术委员会主任傅华任组长，新华通讯社总编辑吕岩松任副组长，新华通讯社副总编辑任卫东任执行副组长。课题组成员包括刘刚、张旭东、邹伟、安蓓、傅琰、程云杰、袁军宝、商意盈、张紫赟、胡喆、张辛欣、戴小河、陈炜伟、李延霞、何慧媛、梁劲、陈雍容、贾远琨、张漫子、马晓澄、王自宸、郑昕、黄兴、杨思琪、李力可等。课题组成员从新华社总社多个部门和国内分社抽调，均为从事新闻报道及研究工作的骨干力量。

课题自2023年9月立项启动以来，历时9个月学习、调研、撰写、修改、审校。课题组全体成员认真学习习近平总书记关于新质生产力系列重要论述，广泛采访权威部门和机构、专家学者、企业界人士、科研工作者等，梳理新质生产力的理论脉络和实践路径，挖掘典型案例和生动故事，精心研究写作，历经多版本修改，并征求权威部门和有关专家学者意见，最终形成此报告。

点击下方链接下载报告：

更好赋能中国繁荣世界——新质生产力的理论贡献和实践价值

2024: Xi’s New Quality Productivity Innovation Builds China and Makes the World a Better Place

Several June 2024 reports from Nature on Chinese science:

China seeks global impact and recognition

China’s big-science bet

Chinese science still has room to grow

4.2 Exploring New Production Relations and Expanding Economic Governance Practices

4.2.1 Proactively Addressing Global Challenges with Strategic Initiatives

4.2.2 New Economic Governance Practices Resonate Worldwide

4.3 Empowering Chinese-Style Modernization and Opening Up New Forms of Human Civilization

4.3.1 Deeply Practicing the Concept of “Humans and Nature as a Community of Life”

4.3.2 Enhancing Humanistic Care in the Modernization Process

4.3.3 Boosting Development Confidence in the Global South and Promoting Civilizational Exchange

Chapter Five: Exploration and Practice of Developing New Quality Productivity in Various Regions

5.1 Building the “Crown Jewel” of the Shipbuilding Industry

5.2 Anhui is Building a Quantum Innovation Development Zone

5.3 Hangzhou’s Western Science and Innovation Corridor Fostering New Growth Engines

5.4 Beijing’s “Star Valley” Boosts the Dream of a Space Power

5.5 “China Optical Valley” Standing Out in the Optoelectronics Information Industry

5.6 China Western Science and Technology Innovation Harbor Creates a “University Without Walls”

5.7 Shandong Accelerates Digital-Physical Integration to Promote Industrial Digitization

5.8 Chongqing’s Practice in the New Energy Vehicle Industry

5.9 Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Builds Active Technology Clusters

5.10 Chengdu-Chongqing Jointly Building Western Science City to Form an Innovation Development Zone

Conclusion

Annotations

Glossary

References

Editorial Notes

全文｜更好赋能中国繁荣世界——新质生产力的理论贡献和实践价值

About 高大伟 David Cowhig

Leave a comment Cancel reply

Categories

Recent Posts

Archives

Flickr Photos

Meta

Twitter Feed

Blog Stats

Blogs I Follow

Blogroll

2024: Xi’s New Quality Productivity Innovation Builds China and Makes the World a Better Place

Several June 2024 reports from Nature on Chinese science:

China seeks global impact and recognition

China’s big-science bet

Chinese science still has room to grow

4.2 Exploring New Production Relations and Expanding Economic Governance Practices

4.2.1 Proactively Addressing Global Challenges with Strategic Initiatives

4.2.2 New Economic Governance Practices Resonate Worldwide

4.3 Empowering Chinese-Style Modernization and Opening Up New Forms of Human Civilization

4.3.1 Deeply Practicing the Concept of “Humans and Nature as a Community of Life”

4.3.2 Enhancing Humanistic Care in the Modernization Process

4.3.3 Boosting Development Confidence in the Global South and Promoting Civilizational Exchange

Chapter Five: Exploration and Practice of Developing New Quality Productivity in Various Regions

5.1 Building the “Crown Jewel” of the Shipbuilding Industry

5.2 Anhui is Building a Quantum Innovation Development Zone

5.3 Hangzhou’s Western Science and Innovation Corridor Fostering New Growth Engines

5.4 Beijing’s “Star Valley” Boosts the Dream of a Space Power

5.5 “China Optical Valley” Standing Out in the Optoelectronics Information Industry

5.6 China Western Science and Technology Innovation Harbor Creates a “University Without Walls”

5.7 Shandong Accelerates Digital-Physical Integration to Promote Industrial Digitization

5.8 Chongqing’s Practice in the New Energy Vehicle Industry

5.9 Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Builds Active Technology Clusters

5.10 Chengdu-Chongqing Jointly Building Western Science City to Form an Innovation Development Zone

Conclusion

Annotations

Glossary

References

Editorial Notes

全文｜更好赋能中国繁荣世界——新质生产力的理论贡献和实践价值

Share this:

About 高大伟 David Cowhig

Leave a comment Cancel reply

Categories

Recent Posts

Archives

Flickr Photos

Meta

Twitter Feed

Blog Stats