This is part 3 in a series of translations of the long document issued the the PRC Ministry of Education in October 2021 on how leadership of the Communist Party is to be taught in PRC schools from elementary school through university. This roll-out is under the overall subversion of the now-proliferating Marxism institutes. See the translation here of the September 2021 Chinese Communist Party document ““Opinion on Strengthening the Construction of Marxist Institutes in the New Era”

The approach to educating students on the leadership of the Communist Party will differ according to the age of the students. Elementary students might hear stories about Communist Party heros.

This text is significant even if it is tedious to read for those without a taste for edifying Party texts. An acquired taste — something one learns to appreciate as part of the life of the Party dangde shenghuo (黨的生活).

The organizational life of the party usually means that party members participate in party members’ meetings, branch committees and party group meetings of their branch, as well as party classes. The organizational life of the party is part of the life of the party. The party’s organizational life is divided into a broad sense and a narrow sense. In a broad sense, various activities within the party include party group meetings, party member meetings, meetings held by party committees at all levels, party congresses, party elections, party democratic life meetings, party classes, reading party journals and party internal documents.
Baidu article “The Organizational Life of the Communist Party“

There is a Party style of writing, which despite Mao Zedong’s denunciation of overly complicated literary styles of writing does seem to have complications of its own. Very long sentence-long paragraphs can be hard to read not to mention tedious to translate. Making a clear very loooooong sentence is an art in itself, I have not seen it down well too often. The best I have seen are some of the very long sentences in David Foster Wallace‘s Infinite Jest.

Translation Help from the ChatGPT Chatbot on Translating Tedious (sorry, I admit my ideological backwardness) Party Documents

After using DeepL machine translation engine for a start, I went through correcting the translation and the English expression paragraph by paragraph. Untangling long many-clausal sentences — sometimes DeepL would do a first try and then a second one and leave some breaks in sentences into presentable English was the most tiring and tedious part of it. I just discovered that the ChatGPT Chatbot, an AI conversational machine, among its many talents can do translations. In short chunks so as not to get the machine overloaded or use up too much time on that now very popular online experiment. Chatbot produces more presentable English text that DeepL and seems fairly accurate. I notice sometimes ChatGPT translations interpolate related material (more detail that might make a useful note) and sometimes changes formatting — one time when translating a passage that began with V. for part five, ChatGPT started numbering the sentences. Still, good for an off-label use.

I didn’t need to make too many changes and the ones I did make were not generally not major ones — like DeepL in that respect but with the advantage of making less repetitious output that I need to clear up after making sure that the apparent repetition is not just bombast being duly translated. I did check ChatGPT’s translations though. Even cyber-comrades must earn their trust.

I added a note on ChatGPT translations to my blog article Tools for Building Specialized and Technical Vocabulary for Chinese Language Learners.

I’ve had some enjoyable conversations with ChatGPT in both Chinese and English over the past few days.

AI Responses from within their ‘blackbox’ sometimes differ radically. I asked again later and it answered in Chinese just as it had in English. Perhaps the machine learning system learned not to answer that one. Can’t have people treating it like an Oracle though its excellent language output could make some people treat it as one.

Here I asked ChatGPT to tell me a joke in Chinese. It answered “I’d be happy to tell you a joke in Chinese….

Contents for the part of the Ministry of Education Document Covered in Part III

III. Institutional mechanism of the Party leadership ———————- 40
Improve the system of governing for and by the people ———————- 40
Establish a sound system for improving the Party’s ability to govern and leadership – 44
Improving the supervision system of the Party and the State —————– 47
Coordinating the reform of the Party, government, military and group institutions — 50
Consolidating and Developing the Patriotic United Front ———————-53
Adhering to and Improving the System of Absolute Leadership of the Party over the People’s Army 56
Improving the Party’s institutional mechanism for leading foreign affairs work 60
Sound and efficient institutional implementation mechanism —————— 62

I added formatting and links to references to the translation below.

Full Translation of the PRC Ministry of Education October 2021 Teacher Guidelines on Teaching the Leadership of the Communist Party in Four Installments:

III. Institutional Mechanism of Party Leadership

18. A Sound System of Governance For the People and By the People

The people are the creators of history and the fundamental force that determines the future destiny of the Party and the country. They are the fundamental force that determines the future destiny of the Party and the country. Since its birth, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has made the pursuit of happiness for the Chinese people and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation its original goal. The Communist Party of China (CPC) has established as its original mission to work for the happiness of the Chinese people and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The concept of ruling for the people and by the people. The philosophy of governing for and by the people is determined by the original intention and mission of the CPC. To govern for the people and by the people means to adhere to the people as the center, to put the interests of the masses first at all times, and to work with the masses for the good and the bad.

We should put the interests of the people first, share the hardships with them and maintain the closest contact with them. The people are the main body, relying closely on the people, asking the people for government, asking the people about their needs, asking the people about their plans, and drawing wisdom and strength from the people’s excellent experience won through practice. We insist that the party is the public, the government is the people, and we serve the people wholeheartedly. We insist on serving the people wholeheartedly; we insist on using power for the people, feeling for the people, and seeking benefits for the people.

We will not allow any Party member to be detached from the masses or above them, and will always take the people’s desire for a better life as the goal. We will always take the people’s aspiration for a better life as the goal of struggle.

The Communist Party of China always represents the fundamental interests of the broadest number of people and is closely related to the people. It has no special interests of its own, and never represents any interest group, any powerful group, or any party. It never represents the interests of any interest group, any powerful group, or any privileged class. The Communist Party of China governs for the people and by the people.

The important significance of ruling for the people and by the people is that: (P. 40)

Upholding rule for and by the people reflects the Party’s original intention and mission. The question of why it is the people who rule is the test of a party’s original intention and mission. The question of why is the litmus test of the nature of a political party and a regime. The question of why is the touchstone for testing the nature of a political party and a regime. Seeking the happiness of the Chinese people and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is the original intention and mission of the CPC. The CPC has its roots in the people, its bloodline in the people, and its strength in the people. The people’s position is the fundamental political position of the CPC. Under the historical conditions of the Party’s long-term rule, it is important to govern for the people and to work for the people. Under the historical conditions of the Party’s long-term rule, ruling for the people and by the people is the original intention and purpose of the Chinese Communist Party and is the bottom line for all Party members.

Upholding people-centered rule and solving the problems that the people are most concerned about and are most directly related to the people’s welfare and which takes the fundamental interests of the people and their present interests as an organic whole. and by the people is a centralized manifestation of the CPC’s adherence to the laws of social and historical development. The people are the main body of social history and the creator of history. This is one of the most basic views of Marxism. The people are both the creators of both material and spiritual wealth, the subjects of practice from which experience is accumulated and of history. They are the real heroes. History is the cause of the people and is created by the people. The people’s power is the powerful driving force of our party’s rule, and the people are the force upon which our party’s rule relies. The Party rules for the people and relies upon the people. This is the centralized embodiment of the CPC’s adherence to the laws of social and historical development.

Upholding rule for the people and by the people is a centralized embodiment of socialist democratic politics, a centralized embodiment of the Party’s scientific, democratic and legal governance, and a centralized embodiment of the Party’s mass line in governance. This is also the centralized embodiment of the Party’s mass line in the philosophy of governance and the way of governance. The mass line is the lifeline and fundamental working line of the Party. People’s democracy is the life of socialism. The people are the source of the Party’s strength. Our Party comes from the people. Without the support of the people, the Party will lose its foundation. The CPC, as the vanguard of the Chinese working class, the vanguard of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation, represents the vanguard of the Chinese working class, the vanguard of the Chinese people and of the Chinese nation. The Party represents the will of the people. Ruling for the people and by the people not only reflects the essential requirements of socialist democratic politics, it also embodies the CPC’s realization through its governance of China nature and goals of the Communist Party, its implementation of the mass line, and promoting the fundamental principles of the rule of the Communist Party and the development of democratic governance.

Upholding rule for the people and relying upon the people to rule are the lifelines by which the Party has been able to overcome all difficulties and obstacles. These principles are also based upon important lessons learned from the successes and failures of the international communist movement. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries became detached from the masses. This resulted in the destruction of its once glorious enterprise. The Communist Party of China has always insisted on ruling for and by the people, making the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics grow and develop. Looking ahead to the future, the Communist Party of China will still be confronted with glorious struggles that will arise depending upon the historical characteristics of the era. Only by insisting upon the rule of the people and by the people can we unite and lead the people to effectively face major challenges, manage major risks, overcome major resistance and resolve major contradictions.

Therefore, a sound system of governing for the people and by the people is the institutional basis for the long-term rule of the CPC. For the sake of the country’s long-term peace and stability, and to maintain the Party’s vitality and combat effectiveness, it is essential to establish the Party’s long-term governance. In order to maintain the Party’s vitality and combat effectiveness, we must continually optimize and improve the system of governing for and by the people while establishing the Party’s comprehensive system of leadership over everything. The system of governing for the people and by the people is rich in content and involves various fields and aspects. The most important thing is that this be reflected in all aspects of the Party’s governance, consolidating and strengthening the Party’s ruling class basis. The most relevant levels are those of the Party’s governance system and policies.

(P. 42)

At the level of the political system, over the course of the practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics we must insist upon the leadership of the Communist Party, the principle that the people are masters in their own house, insist upon organic unity of the rule by law throughout the country, uphold and China’s fundamental systems for governing the state such as the people’s congress system,uphold and the system of multiple political party cooperation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the people’s consultative congress system, the political autonomy system of the national minority regions, and the grassroots local political autonomy system.
At the level of policy formulation, we must insist upon the people-centered approach and address the most direct and real interests of the people. The most direct and realistic interests of the people are of greatest concern to them, and the fundamental interests of the people are combined with the current interests.
At the level of policy implementation, we must insist upon finding the best and most practical way forward while making definite progress; whether we succeed or not at first we keep on, keep hammering away at our goal as we strive to do our jobs well and to enhance the people’s sense of access, happiness and security.

In the new era, we work to improve the system of governing for the people and by the people. We focus on:

Insist that the Party was established for the sake of the people, that the Party rules on behalf of the people, and upon the Party’s flesh and blood ties with the people. Respect public opinion, gather together wisdom from the people, promote the unity and cohesion of the people, cohesion of the people, in all the Party’s work on governance of the country and arrangements for the governance of the country ensure that improving the people’s livelihood is a threat running through it all. Through improvements in the system of governance ensure that the people are always front and center and take steps to prevent the Party from becoming divorced from the masses.

Implement the Party’s mass line and improve the system of direct contact with the masses by Party members and cadres. They should be in close contact with the masses, publicize the Party’s ideas to the masses, discuss matters with the masses, and promptly reflect their opinions and demands to the Party. Party members are obliged to reflect the opinions and demands of the masses and safeguard the legitimate interests of the masses. To this end, we should implement the party constitution, explore innovative systems to stay in closer touch with the masses; we should carry forward the fine Party tradition of staying in close contact with the masses and political advantages; we must consolidate our gains and making even more progress in the strict rectification of the “Four Bad Working Styles’‘ 四風. (P.44)

Establish new work mechanisms for mass work in the Internet era. Adapt to the Internet’s influence upon social life. Research deeply the patterns and characteristics of mass work in this new situation. Combine excellent Party traditions with new technologies and new methods and learn how to carry out the mass line through the Internet. To this end, we must meet the opportunities and challenges brought about by the high degree of social connectivity, find people to work with on the Internet, communicate with the masses in the kind of expressions used online, respond immediately to the requests and feelings of people online, respond to the challenge of the “internet platform” phenomenon. Establish a robust system for monitoring and managing “internet platforms”. Be the “one who makes the first move” in online mass work, respond to the opportunities and challenges of the masses becoming netizens. We must continually update and continue our research on the patterns of behavior involved in “work on the netizens”. Ensure that all your work is done for the sake of the masses, with trust in the masses, and relying upon the masses, reaching out to the masses, and reaching out to the grassroots.

Improve the system of work with mass organizations that is well-connected and serves the masses. Assists people’s organizations to enhance their political, advanced and mass nature, to promote the rallying of the masses with which they are in contact around the Party and to unite the masses of the people around the Party. Make the people’s pursuit of a better life a powerful dynamic force. To this end, improve the system of unified management of mass organizations by Party committees, improve the management model of group organizations, and promote the development of party and government institutions. To this end, it is necessary to improve the system of unified leadership of group work by the party committee, improve the management mode of group organizations, and promote the organic connection between the party and government agencies and mass organizations.

Note: With regard to improving the system of governing for and by the people, clearly explain clearly the meaning and significance of the CPC ruling for the people and by the people. Explain also the meaning and significance of the CPC ruling for the people and by the people and the work priorities in the new era.

19. Improve the Party’s ability to govern and the system to improve its leadership capabilities (P.45)

Through revolution, national construction and reform, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has become a major party leading the people to take control of national power and a Party that will remain in power for a long time. To consolidate the Party’s ruling position, the comprehensive leadership of the Party must be upheld and strengthened. In order to uphold and strengthen the Party’s overall leadership, we must continually improve the Party’s ruling ability and leadership and establish a sound system for improving the Party’s ruling ability and leadership.

Improving the Party’s ability to rule and establishing a system to improve its leadership is a major issue that the Party must address to consolidate its ruling position and undertake its mission. In the new era, The Communist Party of China, which has been in power for a long time, is facing a complex and changing domestic and international situation and situation, and is responsible for difficult tasks of reform, development and maintaining social stability, domestic and foreign affairs and national defense, and governing the Party and the country and the military. In order to continuously strengthen and consolidate its ruling position and successfully fulfill and achieve its mission, the Party must constantly improve the system for improving the Party’s governing ability and leadership level. This is the only way that it will be able to improve its governing ability and leadership level and thus better adapt the comprehensive leadership of the Party to the needs of the age and of the people. These things in turn will enable the Party to achieve comprehensive leadership of every aspect and area of the governance of the state.

Improving the system of improving the Party’s ruling ability and leadership is an important step in adhering to and perfecting the Party’s leadership system. It is a necessary requirement to strengthen and realize the overall leadership of the Party. In the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, the Party’s leadership system occupies a leading position in the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, covering and running through all other systems.

Improving the Party’s capacity to rule and to lead is an integral part of insisting upon and perfecting the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and to promoting the Party’s comprehensive leadership in all areas of national governance, promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. It is an important guarantee for the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. Therefore, only by continuously improving the Party’s governing ability and leadership can we adhere to and improve the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. Only by continuously improving the Party’s governing and leadership system can the Party adhere to and improve the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, and ensure that the Party and all aspects of the state governance system work together in a coordinated, highly efficient, organic whole. It is only by doing so that the system of the Party and the State in all aspects can operate efficiently and effectively and transform the advantages of the system into the effectiveness of governance. (P.46)

In the new era, the focus of the work to improve the system of improving the Party’s governing ability and leadership level is:

Uphold democratic centralism, improve the party’s ability to set direction, plan the overall situation, determine policies and promote reform. The Party must comprehensively implement democratic centralism, integrating democracy and centralism into an organic whole in order that the advantages of democratic centralism become the political, organizational, institutional and working advantages of the Party. We should improve systems for developing democracy within the Party and systems for implementing correct centralization.
Improve the decision-making mechanism, strengthen investigation and research, scientific evaluation to ensure scientific decision-making, resolute implementation and strong supervision. Insist on scientific decision-making, democratic decision-making and decision-making in accordance with the law. Improve the system for the proving and evaluation of major decisions and consultation within the Party, and strengthen the implementation and evaluation of decisions.
Improve the Party’s leadership and governance. On its new journey, the Party’s leadership and governance will face new challenges, must keep pace with the times, meet the requirements of scientific governance, democratic governance, governance according to law, giving full play to the Party fulfilling its role by being in full control and of being the core leadership in its coordination of all parties and continually improving the quality of its leadership. The Party must uphold the leadership way of governing according to the law, focusing on using legal thinking, the practice and principles of ruling the country according to the law, and be skilled at transforming the Party’s view into the will of the state by using the legally designated processes to transform the Party’s views in to laws and regulations. In doing so, the Party is conscientiously putting the leadership activities of the Party into the institutional framework. Be good at making the party’s ideas become the will of the state through legal procedures and transform them into laws and regulations, and consciously put the party’s leadership activities into the institutional track. Strengthen the political function and organizational capability of Party organizations at all levels. Party organizations at all levels should strengthen their political functions and organizational strength, implement the Party’s organizational line in the new era, and effectively address the issues of the weakening of Party leadership, shortcomings in Party-building, and the failure to strictly and comprehensively address shortcomings in Party governance. (p.46)
Establish a positive incentive system that advocates practical work, drive to take charge, encourage others, and employ people who are capable of practical work and real performance. A mechanism for selecting and employing people who promote the best, encourages the capable and selects those who do not perform creates a positive environment and favors the political careers of the capable. This is a system that enhances all the elements of a system that promotes governance capacity. It encourages cadres at every level to improve their study skills, political leadership ability, striving to reach their full potential, their capacity to manage risks, promotes their fighting spirit, and increases their combat effectiveness.

Note: With regard to the system of improving the Party’s ability to govern and leadership, discuss the importance of and focus of the system to improve the Party’s governing ability and leadership.

20. Improving the Supervisory System of the Party and the State

The Party and state supervision system mainly includes the Party’s internal supervision system, the state supervision system, and other forms of supervision systems.

The Party and state supervision system is a means for the CPC to purge itself, improve itself and to reinvent itself under the conditions of long-term rule. Perfecting the Party and state supervision system is not only an inherent requirement for the supervision of the power of the CPC’s long-term ruling political party, but also an important guarantee for the Party’s long-term rule is not only an inherent requirement for the supervision of the power of the CPC’s long-ruling political party, but also a distillation of the Party’s historical experience of supervision of power.

In the new era, the establishment of a sound system of Party and state supervision is an important element in adhering to and improving the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, promoting the modernization of the national governance system and the capacity to govern, and is the way that the organic relationship between ruling the Party according to regulations and ruling the state according to the law. It is a fundamental measure aimed at constraining and supervising government power and achieving a decisive victory in the fight against corruption. (P. 47)

As we enter a new era, measures to establish and improve the Party and state supervision system are constantly evolving. The 19th Party Congress, with an eye on ruling the Party strictly in a comprehensive manner, adopted strategic measures to improve the Party’s capacity to govern and the quality of its leadership and made plans to improve the Party and state supervision systems. The Third Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee emphasized that the Party and the State should improve the supervision system, perfect the constraints and supervision mechanism for the operation of state power, establish national, provincial, municipal and county supervisory committees, and co-locate them within the Party’s disciplinary organs in order to achieve achieve organic unity between the Party’s internal supervision and supervision of state organs, and between Party disciplinary inspection and state supervision. The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee clearly put forward the need to improve the Party’s unified leadership, comprehensive coverage, authoritative and efficient supervision system, enhance the seriousness, synergy and effectiveness of supervision, and form a scientific decision-making, resolute implementation and powerful supervision of government operations.

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee proposed to improve the Party and state supervision system, strengthen political supervision, and enhance the constraints on and supervision of the operation of public power. There are to be no no-go areas, coverage is to be comprehensive there will be zero tolerance for wrongdoing. This promotes at once the understanding that people dare not be corrupt, be unable to corrupt and not wanting to be corrupt. The Party and the State have also been working together to improve the Party and State supervision system, strengthen political supervision, and strengthen restrictions on the operation of public power and supervision. This further clarifies the important position of the Party and state supervision system in the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and the national governance system, and clarifies the development direction of the Party and state supervision system.

At present, work on improving the Party and state supervisory systems aims at:

Uphold and strengthen the overall leadership of the Party, consciously safeguarding the authority of the Party Central Committee and centralized and unified leadership, from the decision to issue a command, to the integration of resources and forces, the use of various measures and means to continually strengthen the Party’s comprehensive coverage of every matter, it leadership on all processes and the implementation of comprehensive and strict management of management of Party members. (P. 48)
Improve the Party’s internal supervision system. To build a unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, the Party Committee (or Party group) leads comprehensive Party internet supervision, exercising its authority on all aspects for the entire process, supervision over the disciplinary and inspection organs and of the Party’s various function departments, routine supervision of Party grassroots organizations, and democratic supervision of Party members. Implement the supervisory responsibilities of every level of Party organization, guarantee the rights of Party members. The Party must strengthen top-down organizational supervision and improve bottom-up democratic supervision, play the role of mutual supervision at the same level, and strengthen the daily management of Party members and cadres. The Party will strengthen the daily management and supervision of leading Party members and cadres. Increase inspection tour visits, be determined to root out problems, establish a supervisory system network that makes inspection tour visits, and does not waver in the face of intimidation.
Establish a centralized, unified, authoritative and efficient national monitoring system. Deepen reforms in the state supervisory system. Establish a centralized, unified, authoritative and efficient national monitoring system. Set up national, provincial, municipal and county supervisory committees that are co-located with the Party’s disciplinary and inspection organs. Empower them to better play the role of the supervisory organs, strengthen national supervision so as to realize the full potential of and achieve full coverage of all public officials exercising public power, strengthen supervision of state organs so that all government employees are covered by the government supervisory system.
Improve the organic, unified and coordinated supervision of public officials. With internal Party supervision taking the lead, combine and harmonize all varieties of supervisory work so as to establish a scientific, tightly organized, efficient supervisory network. Ensure that the power entrusted to various persons by the Party and the people are from start to finish exercised properly. The Party’s self-monitoring and mass supervision shall be strengthened as internal and external supervision will all pull in the same direction. The Party’s internal supervision will be integrated with the supervision of the National People’s Congress, democratic supervision, administrative supervision, judicial supervision, mass supervision and public opinion supervision are meshed together with Party disciplinary supervision, supervision and inspectors, supervision based at permanent offices at certain local government organs. Thus the capabilities of audit inspection and supervision of statistical work are given full play, strengthening the effective connection and integrated linkage of various supervision systems at all levels and enhancing supervisory synergy.
Strengthen political supervision, highlight the political nature of party supervision, and ensure that the entire party is more united politically, more unified ideologically and more consistent in its actions. The Party and the state supervision system must uphold and improve the key place of political supervision and make the “Two Safeguards” a fundamental political task, strengthen the supervision and inspection of the implementation of the Party’s theories, lines and policies, major decisions and arrangements, and improve the system of reporting on the rectification and implementation the supervision and inspection system. (P.50)
Make innovations in the organizational system and insist that supervision work covers all areas. supervision. Improve the institutional mechanism of stationing supervision functions at relevant offices and localities. We will improve the system and mechanism of stationing supervision, improve the system of inspection and inspection, stationing system and monitoring system, and polish the sharp sword of inspection. Inspection and supervision personnel stationed at organizations and localities should play the role of “investigator” to create in place a system of inspection, supervision and work at the designated organization or locality. stationing and supervision.
Focus on the “key minority” and transform the concept of what supervision means. Insist on keeping an eye on the “key minority”, focus on strengthening the supervision of senior cadres and major leading cadres at all levels, improve the internal oversight system of the leadership team, to crack the problems of supervisory powers all in the hands of one person and of people at the same level supervising one another..
Insist that the party discipline and inspection committee assume their particular responsibilities. Strengthen the discipline inspection and supervision committee special responsibility of supervision, deepen the reform of the discipline inspection and supervision system. Strengthen the leadership of higher level discipline and inspection committees over lower level discipline and inspection committees and thereby promote standardization and rule by law in discipline inspection and supervision work.

Note: Regarding the improvement of the Party and state supervision systems, it is necessary to clearly explain the main contents of the Party and state supervision systems and the importance of establishing a sound Party and state supervision system, and explain the main focal points of their work.

21. Coordinated Reform of Party, Government, Military and Mass Group Organizations

In the new era, the reform of the Party, government, military and mass group organizations [Note： quntuan zuzhi 群團組織 such as the Communist Youth League, Women’s Association and the All-China Federation of Trade Unions] has the important significance of strengthening the centralized and unified leadership of the Party and realizing the optimization and coordination of the functions of the Party, government, military and group institutions and their efficient operation. This requires strengthening the centralized and unified leadership of the Party and realizing the optimization and synergy of institutional functions. This requires the coordinated setting up of related institutions and the configuration of similar functions, the rationalization and optimization of the responsibilities of party departments, state organs, group organizations, and institutions, and the military. The Party’s leadership should be strengthened, the executive power of the government should be improved, and the responsibilities of party departments, state organs, enterprise units should be rationalized and optimized, and reforms across various types of military service should be promoted, the Party’s leadership strengthened, the government’s executive power improved, the vitality of community organizations and social organizations stimulated, and the combat effectiveness of the people’s army will be enhanced, so that all types of institutions will be organically connected and coordinated.

(P.51)

The main objectives of the reform of the Party, Government and military institutions are: to build a systematic, scientific, standardized and efficient system of Party and State institutions, to form a general and coordinated system of Party leadership, a system of government governance with clear responsibilities and administration in accordance with the law, and a system of central and state institutions. This is building a mass work system system that will have Chinese characteristics, an armed force that is in the first rank by world standards, that will be well-connected and serve the masses. This work system will promote the work of work of the National People’s Congress, the government, the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), the supervisory organs, the judiciary, the procuratorate, the people’s organizations, the enterprise units and the public institutions, and the government, the people’s organizations and the public institutions all under the unified leadership of the Party, so as to comprehensively improve the capacity and level of state governance.

The main elements of the reform of the party, government, military and group institutions are.

Improve the overall arrangement and division of responsibilities of the various Party and government institutions. Understand correctly and implement the division of responsibilities between the party and the government so as to rationalize the relationship between the responsibilities of the party and government agencies and thus form a unified and efficient leadership system, to ensure that the Party implements centralized and unified leadership, and ensure that other institutions are coordinated and efficient. Systematically plan and define reforms to be undertaken in Party and government institutions, coordinate the deployment of resources, reduce redundant management, reduce the fragmentation of duties and reduce divided and overlapping responsibilities, so that the party and government institutions can have a reasonable division of labor, clear responsibilities and coordinated operation.

Continue the reform of the National People’s Congress (NPC), the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and judicial institutions. The system of people’s congresses is a fundamental political system that adheres to the organic unity of the Party’s leadership, the people’s sovereignty and the rule of law. The system is a fundamental political arrangement that upholds the organic unity of the Party’s leadership, the people’s mastery and the rule of law. The NPC and its Standing Committee should play a leading role in the legislative work, strengthen the NPC’s supervision function over the budget and accounts and the management of state-owned assets, improve the organizational and working systems of the NPC, improve the establishment of NPC special committees, and better perform their functions. The NPC’s organizational and working systems have been improved, and its special committees have been set up to better perform their functions. Promote the capacity building of the CPPCC in performing its duties, strengthen the democratic supervision of the CPPCC, optimize the CPPCC special committees should be set up to better play their role as specialized consultative bodies. (P.52) Deepen the reform of the judicial system, optimize the allocation of judicial powers, fully implement the judicial responsibility system, improve the posting system for judges and prosecutors, and better play its role as a specialized consultative body. Improve the posting system for judges and prosecutors, promote the reform of the trial-centered litigation system, and promote the reform of the internal institutions of the courts and procuratorates, improve judicial credibility, better safeguard social justice, and strive to let the people feel justice in every judicial case.

Continue with reform of mass group organizations [qunti zuzhi]. We will improve the system of unified leadership of group work by the Party Committee, promote group organizations to enhance their political, advanced and mass nature, optimize their institutional settings, improve their management models and innovate their operation mechanisms. We will also insist on looking down to subordinate levels of organization, looking to the grassroots, and providing more resources and services to the grassroots to better meet the needs of the grassroots and the masses. Party and government institutions are organically connected with the functions of group mass organizations, and support and encourage group organizations to undertake public functions appropriate to them. The government and party institutions are organically linked to the functions of group organizations, and support and encourage group organizations to undertake public functions appropriate to them, enhance their functions of unity and education, safeguard rights and interests, and serve the masses. and to give better play to the role of mass group organizations as a bridge and link between the Party and the government and the people.

Promote the reform of social organizations. In accordance with the requirements of co-construction, shared governance, and sharing [共建共治共享] improve the The social governance system of leadership of the Party committees, government responsibility, social coordination, public participation and the rule of law. Accelerate the implementation of the separation of government from social organizations 政社分開 zhengshe fenkai, stimulate the vitality of social organizations, and overcome the tendency of social organizations to tend to become administrative organs. Public services and matters that can be resolved by social organizations would be handled by and managed by social organizations in accordance with law. The government should strengthen the supervision of various social organizations in accordance with the law, promote the standardization and self-discipline of social organizations, and realize the benign interaction between government governance and social regulation and self-governance of residents. (P.53)

Accelerate the reform of enterprise units [事業單位 shiye danwei]. Enterprise units affiliated with the Party, government and military are important forces in providing public services. The reform of public institutions with administrative functions should be comprehensively promoted, the relationship between government and affairs should be rationalized, the government and affairs should be separated, and no more public institutions with administrative functions should be established. The reform of enterprise units engaged in business activities has been stepped up to promote the separation of business enterprises. The reform of enterprise units engaged in serving the public welfare is implemented differently according to the situation. Enterprise units providing public welfare services to the society are rationalized by merging with competent departments. This gradually promotes the separation of management and administration and strengthens its public service orientation and eliminates system characteristics that might encourage self-serving behavior. The most important thing is that the organ involved supports the enterprise unit, optimizes its functions and rationalizes its personnel structure. Promote overall strengthening of party building within enterprise units and improve the Party’s leadership and work systems within the enterprise unit.

Deepen reform across various types of military units. In accordance with the principle that the military is the military, the police are the police, and the people are the people, deepen the inter-military reform of the armed police force, militia and reserve forces, and promote the reform of the active public security forces. The military-run kindergartens, enterprises, farms, etc. can in principle be transferred to the localities to operate. Improve the Party’s coordination and management of economic and social development, the organization and management system for the construction of the national defense, the work management system, and the policy system. Advance the reform of the national defense science and technology system, improve the coordination of all military forces with the local reserve forces, promote the cooperation of the people and the military to promote development, and develop a system for the integrated management of economic and social development. Set up organizations for managing and guaranteeing services to retired military service members, coordinating the work of many entities to better serve retired service members.

Note: Regarding the reform of the party, government, military and group institutions, explain clearly the importance of the reform of the party, government, military and group mass institutions, and the main significance of these reforms. The main objectives and measures taken in the reform of the party, government, military and group mass institutions should be clearly explained.

22. Consolidate and Develop the Patriotic United Front

The Patriotic United Front refers to the patriotic united front led by the Communist Party of China and based on the alliance of workers and peasants. The Patriotic United Front is an alliance led by the CPC and based on the alliance of workers and peasants, including all socialist workers, builders of the socialist cause, patriots who support socialism, patriots who support the unification of the motherland and patriots who are committed to the great revival of the Chinese nation. (P. 53)

The Chinese Communists have combined the basic principles of Marxism with the concrete reality of China, and creatively put forward and applied the theory and policy of the patriotic united front with Chinese characteristics, and achieved great victories and great achievements in China’s revolution, construction and reform. Practice has shown that through the patriotic united front is the CPC that melds together the people’s hearts and minds, pooling their strengths. This is the political advantage and strategic policy of the CPC, and is an important asset for winning the cause of revolution, construction and reform. It is an important asset for strengthening the Party’s class base, expanding the Party’s mass base, and consolidating the Party’s ruling position. It is an important treasure for building a modern socialist country and achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

In the new era, in order to consolidate and develop the patriotic united front, we must insist upon unity in diversity, strengthen ideological and political guidance, build a broad consensus, gather together outstandingly talented people from all over, and search with determination for the greatest common denominator and draw the largest concentric circles, so as to create a lively situation in which all Chinese people at home and abroad can think and act in the same way, and to gather the majestic forces for national rejuvenation.

In the new era the focus of work on consolidating and developing the patriotic united front is on:

First, we must uphold the banner of patriotism and socialism, firmly grasp the theme of unity and unity, adhere to the unity of consistency and diversity, find the largest common denominator. The first is to hold up the banner of patriotism and socialism, firmly grasp the theme of great unity and great associations, uphold consistency and diversity, discover the greatest common denominator, and draw the largest concentric circle. The key to this is seeking common ground while allowing for differences. On the one hand, we should continue to consolidate the common ideological and political foundation while pushing forward to form a new consensus. This is the foundation and prerequisite. On the other hand, we should give full play to democracy and respect and accommodate differences. On the other we must be very clear in our opposition to anything that opposes the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, the socialist regime in China, the state system and rule by law in China or undermines the fundamental interests of the the great majority of the people and must not be allowed to flourish in the name of diversity. (P.55)

Second, we must insist on long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, mutual courage and honor and shame, and support the democratic parties in accordance with the principles of socialism with Chinese characteristics, improve multi-party cooperation and political consultation system under the leadership of the CPC, improve the working mechanisms, build more platforms, and create conditions for democratic parties and people without party affiliation to better play their roles in the Chinese People Political Consultative Conference.

Third, we should comprehensively implement the Party’s ethnic policy, deepen education on ethnic unity and progress so that everyone will share a common Chinese national identity. Exchanges and sharing among ethnic groups should be strengthened, and ethnic groups should be encouraged to cling together like pomegranate seeds to unite and struggle and prosper together. To cultivate and practice the core values of socialism, and constantly enhance the awareness of the people of all ethnic groups of the great motherland, the Chinese nation, the Chinese nation, Chinese culture, the Communist Party of China, and socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Fourth, fully implement the Party’s basic policy on religious work, adhere to the direction of the sinification of religion in our country, and actively guide the adaptation of religion to socialist society to one another. We will use the core socialist values to lead and educate the religious community and the religion-believing masses, and support and guide the religious community to make interpretations of religious doctrines and rules that meet the requirements of contemporary China’s development and progress and are in line with the excellent Chinese culture. We promote the understanding of the great motherland, the Chinese nation, the Chinese culture, and the Chinese Communist Party among religious practitioners and believers. (P.56)

Fifth, we should strengthen the work of intellectuals outside the Party, do a good job of working with new social strata, and play their role in socialism with Chinese characteristics so that they can take on important roles in the socialist enterprise with Chinese characteristics. Work with intellectuals outside the Party is a fundamental and strategic part of united front work. In working with intellectuals outside the Party we should not only enhance our sense of responsibility and strengthen the workforce, but also improve the working methods and learn the skills of dealing with intellectuals outside the Party, especially in ideological and political work. The new social class is an active force in the construction of the socialist cause with Chinese characteristics. To do a good job of the work of the new social strata, we need to start from the cause of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and to support, support and participate in the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics. We should actively guide and unite all the forces that can be united in the common struggle.

Sixth, build a new type of cordial and clear government-business relationship and promote the healthy development of the non-public economy. Deepen socialist ideals and beliefs with Chinese characteristics. Guide people in the non-public sector of the economy, and especially young people, so that they can become prosperous and understand the Party’s role in promoting their success. Let them be prosperous and advanced in their thinking, so that they will be patriotic, dedicated, innovative, law-abiding, honest and contributing.

Seventh, extensive solidarity with overseas compatriots and the relatives of overseas Chinese who are returning to China to work together for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Strengthen ties with overseas Chinese, relatives of overseas Chinese who have returned to China, protect their legal rights and interests, support their active participation and support for the modernization of the home country of their ancestors and peace and unification. This also promotes cultural exchanges between China and other countries in the world.

Note: On the consolidation and development of the patriotic united front, explain clearly the main connotation and importance of the patriotic united front. Explain the main connotations and importance of the patriotic united front, key tasks and practical measures.

23. Insist Upon and Improve the System of the Party’s Absolute Leadership over the People’s Army

A strong country must have a strong army, and a strong army is necessary for national security. The people’s army has established an immortal contribution for the Party and the people, is a strong pillar for defending the red land and protecting the dignity of the nation, and is also a powerful force for maintaining regional and world peace. Adhering to the Party’s command of the gun and building its own people’s army is an unshakeable truth that the Party has derived from the struggles of blood and fire. The absolute leadership of the Communist Party of China over the people’s army is a fundamental principle formed in the long-term historical process of China’s revolution and construction, is an important political advantage of the Party and the state, and is the foundation and soul of building and strengthening the army.

In the new era, it is necessary to comprehensively implement Xi Jinping’s thinking on strengthening the military, implement the military strategy of the new era, adhere to the Party’s absolute leadership over the people’s army, adhere to the path of strengthening the military with Chinese characteristics, and comprehensively promote political construction of the army, reform and strengthening the army, scientific and technological strengthening of the army, talent strengthening of the army, and rule of law in the army. The people’s army is to be built into a world-class army, with a stronger ability and more reliable means to defend national sovereignty, security, and development interests. Adhering to and improving the system of the Party’s absolute leadership over the people’s army is an important content for adhering to and improving the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, promoting the modernization of the national governance system and governance capabilities.

The importance of this is especially seen in:

First, insist on and improve the absolute leadership of the Party over the People’s Army, which concerns the nature and purpose of the People’s Army. The absolute leadership of the Party over the People’s Army is the foundation and soul of the army-building, and the Party’s command of the gun is the fundamental guarantee to maintain the nature and purpose of the People’s Army. In the long-term revolutionary and construction practices, the People’s Army has been able to overcome various difficulties and constantly move from victory to victory, which is primarily based on the leadership of the Party. With the Communist Party of China and the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the People’s Army has its proper orientation and is strong. On the way forward, the People’s Army must firmly adhere to the absolute leadership of the Party, take this as the eternal soul of the People’s Army and the root of life that can never be lost, and at any time and under any circumstances, it must take the Party’s flag as the flag, the Party’s direction as the direction, and the Party’s will as the will.

Second, insist on and improve the absolute leadership system of the Party over the People’s Army, which concerns the future and destiny of socialism. After the founding of New China, the Party established a socialist system with the people as the master, and raised the principle of building the army by the Party’s command of the gun to the national basic military system, realizing the organic unity and high degree of consistency of the Party’s army, the people’s army, and the socialist state, and the People’s Army became a strong pillar of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The absolute leadership system of the Party over the People’s Army, as the embodiment of the Party’s leading core position in the military field, is in line with and adapts to the state of the people’s democratic dictatorship and the political system of the people’s congress, and serves it. It plays an irreplaceable role in safeguarding socialism, promoting reform, development, stability, and playing a leading role in the construction of national defense and the army.

Third, insist on and improve the absolute leadership system of the Party over the People’s Army, which concerns the long-term stability of the Party and the state. In the revolutionary era, under the absolute leadership of the Party, the People’s Army has built an indelible record of achievement in realizing national independence and people’s liberation. After the founding of New China, under the absolute leadership of the Party, the People’s Army effectively performs its functions and provides reliable security guarantees for the country’s prosperity and development and the people’s peace and well-being. In the new era, advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity must insist on and improve the absolute leadership system of the Party over the People’s Army, so that it can develop with the development of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and always become the ballast stone that ensures the steady progress of the socialist ship in the changing international situation, ensuring the long-term rule of the Party, the long-term stability of the state, and the thriving development of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

In the new era, the focus of the work of insisting on and improving the absolute leadership system of the Party over the People’s Army is on:

First, insist that the supreme leadership and command of the people’s army belongs to the Party Central Committee. The system of responsibility of the Chairman of the Military Commission should be improved, and the system of responsibility of the Chairman of the Military Commission should be strictly implemented. The government should strictly enforce political discipline and rules, resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission, and ensure the smooth flow of political and military orders.

Second, Strengthen the system of Party building in the People’s Army. Adhere to the party committee system, the political committee system, the political organ system, and the division of labor among the heads under the collective leadership of the Party Committee. We also insist on the system of division of labor under the unified collective leadership of the Party Committee, insist on building branches in companies, and improve the organizational system of the Party leading the army. The Party will build a strong Party organization and a high-quality professional cadre to ensure that the barrel of the gun is always in the hands of reliable people loyal to the Party.

Third, implement the absolute leadership of the Party over the People’s Army in all aspects of military construction. Under the absolute leadership of the Party, implement the military strategic guidelines of the new era, adhere to the fundamental standards of combat effectiveness, establish and improve the policy and system of using military forces based on joint operations, integrated campaigns and warfare, build a new military strategic system, strengthen the construction of the joint operations command system and capabilities, adjust and improve the war preparedness system, improve the system of military training, effectively shape the situation, control the crisis, and prevent war and win wars. Adhere to the principles of military-oriented construction and construction-oriented combat, establish and improve a military force construction policy and system that focuses on combat, encourages innovation, and integrates the military and civilians, integrate the construction of the active and reserve forces of the PLA, the armed police, and the militia, integrate the system of personnel arrangements for various types of military personnel, deepen the reform of the professional system of officers, the system of civilian personnel, the conscription system, etc., promote the formation of a modern combat power generation model, and build a modern military force system. Establish and improve a military management policy and system that is precise, efficient, comprehensive, standardized, and rigidly constrained, strengthen the strategic management function of the military commission, strengthen the construction of military rule of law with Chinese characteristics, and improve the operational efficiency of the military system. Accelerate the pace of deep integration of the military and civilians, and build an integrated national strategic system and capability. Improve the system of defense science and technology innovation and weapon and equipment construction. Deepen the reform of the national defense mobilization system. Strengthen national defense education for all citizens. Establish and improve mechanisms for work to strengthen the border and defend the border in a coordinated effort by the Party, government, military, police, and civilians. Promote the development of military-civilian integration, and improve the social management system for national defense.

Note: Regarding adhering to and perfecting the absolute leadership of the Party over the people’s army, clearly explain the priorities of the Party’s absolute leadership of the people’s army in the new era.

24. Improve the Party’s Mechanism for Leadership in Foreign Affairs Work

Foreign affairs work is an important part of the Party and State’s work. Innovation of the institutional mechanism of China’s foreign affairs work is important for China’s foreign affairs work in the new era.

First, the establishment of the Party’s leadership system and mechanisms for foreign affairs work is necessary to coordinate the overall layout of the “Five-in-One” and to advance the strategic layout of the “Four Comprehensives” approach. In advancing the “Five-in-One” overall layout and the “Four Comprehensives” strategic layout, we must, under the leadership of the Party, do well in foreign affairs, hold high the banner of peace, development, cooperation, and win-win results, and adhere to an independent and autonomous foreign policy of peace. We must adhere to the path of peaceful development and promote exchanges at all levels and in all fields, promote high-quality development of the Belt and Road Initiative, provide new opportunities for the world through China’s new development, and promote the building of a new type of international relations and a community of shared future for mankind.

Second, the establishment of the Party’s leadership system and mechanisms for foreign affairs work is necessary to uphold and improve the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and to advance the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. In this regard, reform must adhere to the Party’s overall leadership, be carried out under the unified deployment of the Party Central Committee, implement the reform of the system and mechanisms for foreign affairs work, strengthen the construction of the Party in foreign institutions, and form a management system for foreign institutions that meets the requirements of the new era.

Third, the establishment of the Party’s leadership system and mechanisms for foreign affairs work is necessary to coordinate the domestic and international situation and optimize foreign affairs work. At present, our country is in the best period of development since modern times, and the world is in a period of major changes unseen in a century. The two are intertwined and mutually stimulating. Only by establishing the Party’s leadership system and mechanisms for foreign affairs work can we coordinate the domestic and international situation, plan domestic and foreign policy strategies, and realize the organic integration of reform and opening up.

Only by establishing the Party’s leadership system and mechanisms for foreign affairs work can we deeply analyze the evolution of the international situation in the transition period of world transformation and accurately grasp the basic characteristics of the external environment of our country at the historical juncture, and formulate and implement scientific foreign policy decisions. Only by establishing the Party’s leadership system and mechanisms for foreign affairs work can we deepen the reform of the system and mechanisms for foreign affairs work, coordinate the efficient operation of foreign affairs institutions, and constantly optimize and advance foreign affairs work.

In the new era, the focus of work to improve the Party’s institutional mechanism for leading foreign affairs work is to：

First, we must adhere to the Party Central Committee’s leadership in foreign affairs, strengthen the construction of foreign affairs theory with Chinese characteristics, and fully implement the Party Central Committee’s foreign policy and strategic deployment. Foreign affairs are a concentrated reflection of national will, and the leadership of the Party Central Committee in foreign affairs must be adhered to.
Second, in the new situation, the Central Foreign Affairs Work Commission should play a role in decision-making and coordination, promote innovation in foreign affairs theory and practice, and provide strong guidance for continuously creating new situations in foreign affairs work. We must strengthen top-level design and coordination, improve our ability to set direction, plan for the future, and make policy, and advance the reform of the system and mechanisms for foreign affairs work. We must strengthen the construction of the foreign affairs workforce and focus on the implementation, inspection, and supervision of key tasks to ensure that the Party Central Committee’s foreign policy decisions are implemented.
Third, we must deepen the construction of systems and mechanisms for foreign-related work, coordinate and coordinate the foreign exchanges of the Party, the National People’s Congress, the government, the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, the military, localities, and mass organizations, and strengthen the overall situation of the Party, coordination of all parties in foreign affairs work, and a grand coordination pattern.
Fourth, we must strengthen foreign-related legal work, establish a legal system for foreign-related work, strengthen research and application of international law, and improve the level of legalization of foreign-related work.
Fifth, local foreign affairs work is an important part of the Party and the state’s foreign affairs work, and it is of great significance to promote foreign exchanges and cooperation and to promote local reform and development. Under the centralized and unified leadership of the Central Foreign Affairs Work Commission, we must coordinate local foreign affairs work, focus on the overall situation, concentrate on dispatching and reasonably allocate local resources, and promote relevant work in a targeted and step-by-step manner.

Note: With regard to the establishment of a sound system and mechanism for the Communist Party’s leadership over foreign affairs work, clarify:

The importance of a sound system and mechanism for the Communist Party’s leadership over foreign affairs work, and
The focus of work in the new era for establishing a sound system and mechanism for the Communist Party’s leadership over foreign affairs work.

25. Improve the Authoritativeness of the Implementation Mechanism

The “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning the Adherence to and Improvement of the Chinese Socialist System and the Modernization of the State Governance System and Governance Capabilities” passed by the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proposes to improve the authoritative and efficient mechanism for implementing the system and strengthen supervision of the implementation of the system, and resolutely prevent the phenomena of making choices, doing things unconventionally, and giving discounts. This is the first time that the Party has proposed at the Central Committee plenary session to improve the authoritative and efficient mechanism for implementing the system. Its significance lies in:

First, an authoritative and efficient mechanism for implementing the system is an important guarantee for the Party and the state to cope with risks and challenges and win the initiative. The world is experiencing unprecedented changes, the international situation is complex and changing, and the tasks of reform, development, stability, domestic and foreign affairs, national defense, governance of the Party, governance of the state, and governance of the military are unprecedentedly heavy, facing unprecedented risks and challenges. In order to achieve the above-mentioned historical tasks in the new era, the whole Party must resolutely implement the decision-making deployments of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core, which is an important content for promoting the governing ability of the Party in the new era and realizing the modernization of state governance. (P.63)

Second, an authoritative and efficient mechanism for implementing the system is an important guarantee for realizing the significant advantages of the Chinese socialist system. The significant advantages of the Chinese socialist system are realized and promoted in the practice of adhering to and improving the Chinese socialist system and promoting the modernization of the state governance system and governance capabilities, and are also demonstrated in the process of implementing and executing these systems. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed that China has entered a stage of high-quality development and that its institutional advantages are significant. Therefore, an authoritative and efficient mechanism for implementing the system is not only a way to showcase the significant advantages of the Chinese socialist system, but also a path to realize the transformation of the advantages of the Chinese socialist system into the effectiveness of state governance.

Third, an authoritative and efficient mechanism for implementing the system is an inevitable requirement for adhering to and improving the Chinese socialist system and promoting the modernization of the state governance system and governance capabilities. The vitality of a system lies in its implementation, and adhering to and improving the Chinese socialist system and promoting the modernization of the state governance system and governance capabilities must not only be reflected in the practice of adhering to and improving the construction of the Chinese socialist system, but also in the continuous improvement and advancement of the actual implementation of the Chinese socialist system and the state governance system.

To ensure the authoritative and efficient implementation of the system, it is necessary to ensure that the Party and state’s major decisions and arrangements are implemented in accordance with the system’s requirements, effectively prevent problems such as localism, uneven standards, and laxity, and fully play the important role of the system in guiding direction, regulating behavior, improving efficiency, maintaining stability, and preventing and resolving risks.

To improve the authoritative and efficient mechanism for implementing the system, it is necessary for Party committees and governments at all levels and leading cadres at all levels to strengthen their awareness of the system, take the lead in maintaining the authority of the system, serve as a model for implementing the system, and mobilize the whole Party and society to consciously respect the system, strictly implement the system, and resolutely safeguard the system. Through strengthening ideological refinement, political training, practical exercise, and professional training, we will promote the majority of cadres to strictly fulfill their duties, exercise their powers, and carry out their work in accordance with the system, and improve the ability and level of promoting the “five-in-one” overall layout and the “four-pronged comprehensive” strategic layout as well as their responsibilities for various tasks. We must adhere to the principle of the Party’s management of cadres, implement good cadre standards, establish correct personnel orientation, and take the implementation of the system and governance capabilities as important bases for selecting and employing cadres and for assessing and evaluating cadres.

Currently, to improve the authoritative and efficient mechanism for implementing the system, we need to focus on the following tasks:

First, we need to strengthen the organizational and leadership of system implementation. We need to establish a strong, resolute, and comprehensive system of leadership for implementing the system, and ensure that the decisions and arrangements of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China are effectively implemented.
Second, we need to construct a multi-level, full-coverage system of supervision over the implementation of the system. We need to strengthen supervision over the implementation of the system, and resolutely investigate and punish any acts of selective implementation, expediency, or discounting of the system.
Third, we need to improve the accountability mechanism. We need to continuously improve the scientific and rational, authoritative and efficient accountability system and mechanism, adhere to the principle of accountability for responsibility, and strictly hold accountable, so that the power of the system can be fully released in the process of promoting the modernization of the state governance system and governance capabilities.

Note: With regard to the authoritative and efficient mechanism for implementing the system, make clear:

The significance of the mechanism for the development of the Party and the state for the cause of Chinese socialism and for the modernization of state governance,
The basic principles and main focuses of establishing and improving the authoritative and efficient mechanism for implementing the system.

三、党的领导体制机制

健全为人民执政、靠人民执政各项制度
人民是历史的创造者，是决定党和国家前途命运的根本力
量。中国共产党一经诞生，就把为中国人民谋幸福、为中华民族
谋复兴确立为自己的初心使命。坚持为人民执政、靠人民执政的
理念是由中国共产党的初心和使命所决定的。为人民执政、靠人
民执政，就是坚持以人民为中心，在任何时候都把群众利益放在
第一位，同群众同甘共苦，保持最密切的联系；坚持以人民为主
体，紧紧依靠人民，问政于民、问需于民、问计于民，从人民伟
大实践中汲取智慧和力量；坚持立党为公、执政为民，全心全意
为人民服务；坚持权为民所用、情为民所系、利为民所谋，不允
许任何党员脱离群众，凌驾于群众之上，永远把人民对美好生活
的向往作为奋斗目标。
中国共产党始终代表最广大人民根本利益，与人民休戚与
共、生死相依，没有任何自己特殊的利益，从来不代表任何利益
集团、任何权势团体、任何特权阶层的利益。中国共产党为人民
执政、靠人民执政的重要意义在于：
40第一，坚持为人民执政、靠人民执政，是党的初心和使命的
体现。为什么人的问题，是检验一个政党、一个政权性质的试金
石，为中国人民谋幸福，为中华民族谋复兴，是中国共产党的初
心和使命。中国共产党根基在人民、血脉在人民、力量在人民，
人民立场是中国共产党的根本政治立场。在党长期执政的历史条
件下，为人民执政、靠人民执政，是中国共产党人的初心和宗旨
的根本要求。
第二，坚持为人民执政、靠人民执政，是中国共产党遵循社
会历史发展规律的集中体现。人民群众是社会历史的主体，是历
史的创造者，这是马克思主义最基本的观点之一。人民群众既是
物质财富的创造者，也是精神财富的创造者，是实践的主体，是
历史的主体，是真正的英雄。历史是人民群众的事业，是由人民
群众创造的。人民力量是我们党执政的强大动力，人民是我们党
执政的依靠力量，人民群众是我们力量的源泉。为人民执政、靠
人民执政是中国共产党遵循社会历史发展规律的集中体现。
第三，坚持为人民执政、靠人民执政，是社会主义民主政治
的集中体现，是党科学执政、民主执政和依法执政的集中体现，
也是党的群众路线在执政理念和执政方式上的集中体现。群众路
线是党的生命线和根本工作路线。人民民主是社会主义的生命所
在，人民群众是党的力量源泉。我们党来自人民。失去人民拥护
和支持，党就会失去根基。中国共产党作为中国工人阶级的先锋
队、中国人民和中华民族的先锋队，代表了人民的意志。为人民
41执政、靠人民执政，既体现了社会主义民主政治的本质要求，又
体现了中国共产党不断优化执政方式，在治国理政中实现党的性
质和宗旨，贯彻党的群众路线，推进党的领导和民主政治发展的
根本原则。
第四，坚持为人民执政、靠人民执政，是我们党战胜一切艰
难险阻的生命线，也是国际共产主义运动成败得失的重要经验。
苏联东欧国家共产党脱离群众，导致曾经辉煌的事业毁于一旦。
中国共产党始终坚持为人民执政、靠人民执政，使得中国特色社
会主义事业不断发展壮大。面对未来，中国共产党仍然必须进行
具有许多新的历史特点的伟大斗争，只有坚持为人民执政、靠人
民执政，才能团结带领人民有效应对重大挑战、抵御重大风险、
克服重大阻力、解决重大矛盾。
因此，健全为人民执政、靠人民执政各项制度，是中国共产
党长期执政的制度性保障。而为了国家长治久安，永葆党的生命
力和战斗力，在确立党的全面领导制度的同时，必须对为人民执
政、靠人民执政的制度不断加以优化和完善。
为人民执政、靠人民执政制度内容丰富，涉及各个领域、各
个方面，最重要的是体现在党治国理政的各个环节之中，巩固党
执政的阶级基础，厚植党执政的群众基础，集中体现在党治国理
政的制度和政策层面上：
第一，在政治制度层面，要在中国特色社会主义政治实践中，
坚持党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一；坚持和完善
42人民代表大会制度这一根本政治制度，坚持和完善中国共产党领
导的多党合作和政治协商制度、民族区域自治制度和基层群众自
治制度等基本政治制度。
第二，在政策制定层面，要坚持以人民为中心，解决好人民
最关心最直接最现实的利益问题，并且把人民的根本利益与当前
利益有机结合起来。
第三，在政策落实层面，要坚持踏石留印、抓铁有痕，以钉
钉子精神做实做细做好各项工作，着力提升人民群众获得感、幸
福感、安全感。
在新时代，健全为人民执政、靠人民执政各项制度的工作重
点在于：
第一，坚持立党为公、执政为民，保持党同人民群众的血肉
联系，把尊重民意、汇集民智、凝聚民力、改善民生贯穿党治国
理政全部工作之中，通过完善制度保证人民在国家治理中的主体
地位，着力防范脱离群众的危险。
第二，贯彻党的群众路线，完善党员干部直接联系群众制度。
密切联系群众，向群众宣传党的主张，遇事同群众商量，及时向
党反映群众的意见和要求，维护群众的正当利益，是党员的义务。
为此，要贯彻落实党章，探索创新联系群众的制度；要继承和弘
扬好密切联系群众的优良传统和政治优势；要巩固和拓展严厉整
治“四风”的成果。
第三，创新互联网时代群众工作机制。适应互联网对社会生
43活的影响，深入研究新形势下群众工作的规律和特点，把党的优
良传统和新技术新手段结合起来，学会通过网络走群众路线，提
高做好群众工作的本领。为此，要迎接社会高度联通性带来的机
遇和挑战，在互联网上找到工作对象，用网言网语同群众交流，
即时回应群众的诉求和情绪；迎接“平台”现象的挑战，管理好
网络、制定好互联网规则，建立和维护好自己的“平台”；健全
“平台”监管机制，下好互联网时代群众工作的“先手棋”；迎接
由人民群众变成网民所带来的机遇和挑战，不断总结、持续探索
“网民工作”的规律。始终做到为了群众、相信群众、依靠群众、
引领群众，深入群众、深入基层。
第四，健全联系广泛、服务群众的群团工作体系。推动人民
团体增强政治性、先进性、群众性，把各自联系的群众紧紧团结
在党的周围，把广大人民群众对美好生活的追求汇聚成强大动
力。为此，要健全党委统一领导群团工作的制度，完善群团组织
的管理模式，促进党政机构同群团组织功能有机衔接。
说明：关于健全为人民执政、靠人民执政各项制度，需要
讲清楚中国共产党为人民执政、靠人民执政的内涵和意义，讲
清楚健全为人民执政、靠人民执政制度的重要性和新时代的工
作重点。
健全提高党的执政能力和领导水平制度
中国共产党历经革命、建设、改革，已经成为领导人民掌握
全国政权并长期执政的大党。巩固党的执政地位，必须毫不动摇
44坚持和加强党的全面领导。坚持和加强党的全面领导，必须不断
提高党的执政能力和领导水平，而健全提高党的执政能力和领导
水平制度，则是其得以实现的重要途径。
第一，健全提高党的执政能力和领导水平制度，是党巩固执
政地位、承担执政使命必须解决好的重大课题。在新时代，长期
执政的中国共产党，面临着复杂多变的国内国际形势和局面，承
担着改革发展稳定、内政外交国防、治党治国治军的繁重任务，
党要不断加强和巩固执政地位、圆满履行和实现执政使命，必须
不断健全提高党的执政能力和领导水平制度，不断提高执政能力
和领导水平。
第二，健全提高党的执政能力和领导水平制度，是坚持和完
善党的领导制度体系的重要内容，是加强和实现党的全面领导的
必然要求。在中国特色社会主义制度中，党的领导制度体系居于
统领地位，覆盖和贯穿其他所有制度。只有不断健全提高党的执
政能力和领导水平制度，才能更好地坚持和完善党的领导制度体
系，才能使党的全面领导更加适应实践、时代、人民的要求，才
能把党的全面领导落实到国家治理各领域各方面各环节。
第三，健全提高党的执政能力和领导水平制度，是坚持和完
善中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化
的内在要求和关键之举，是实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化
的重要保障。因此，只有不断健全提高党的执政能力和领导水平
制度，才能坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度，推进国家治理体
45系和治理能力现代化，才能使党和国家方方面面的制度统筹协同
高效运行，把制度优势转化为治理的效能。
在新时代，健全提高党的执政能力和领导水平制度的工作重
点在于：
第一，坚持民主集中制，提高党把方向、谋大局、定政策、
促改革的能力。全面贯彻民主集中制，把民主和集中有机统一起
来，真正把民主集中制的优势变成我们党的政治优势、组织优势、
制度优势、工作优势。完善发展党内民主的相关制度，完善实行
正确集中的相关制度。
第二，健全决策机制，加强重大决策的调查研究、科学论证、
风险评估，确保决策科学、执行坚决、监督有力。坚持科学决策、
民主决策、依法决策，健全党内重大决策论证评估和征求意见等
制度，强化决策的执行、评估、监督。
第三，改进党的领导方式和执政方式。新的征程上，党的领
导方式和执政方式面临新的挑战，必须与时俱进，按照科学执政、
民主执政、依法执政的要求，充分发挥党总揽全局、协调各方的
领导核心作用，不断提高党的领导水平和执政水平。
要坚持依法执政这一基本领导方式，注重运用法治思维和法
治方式治国理政，善于使党的主张通过法定程序成为国家意志、
转化为法律法规，自觉把党的领导活动纳入制度轨道。增强各级
党组织政治功能和组织力，落实新时代党的组织路线，切实解决
党的领导弱化、党的建设缺失、全面从严治党不力问题。
46第四，完善担当作为的激励机制，全面增强各级领导干部执
政本领。建立崇尚实干、带动担当、加油鼓劲的正向激励体系，
树立重实干重实绩的用人导向，建立能上能下的选人用人机制，
推动形成能者上、优者奖、庸者下、劣者汰的用人导向和从政环
境。完善增强执政本领各项制度。促进各级领导干部增强学习本
领、政治领导本领、改革创新本领、科学发展本领、依法执政本
领、群众工作本领、狠抓落实本领、驾驭风险本领，发扬斗争精
神，增强斗争本领。
说明：关于健全提高党的执政能力和领导水平制度，需要讲
清楚健全提高党的执政能力和领导水平制度的重要意义和工作
重点。
健全党和国家监督体系
党和国家监督体系，主要包括党内监督体系、国家监察体系、
其他形式的监督体系。
党和国家监督体系，是中国共产党在长期执政条件下实现自
我净化、自我完善、自我革新、自我提高的重要制度保障。健全
党和国家监督体系，既是对中国共产党长期执政的政党权力监督
的内在要求，又是对党的权力监督历史经验的总结。在新时代，
建立健全党和国家监督体系，是坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制
度，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要内容，是实现依
规治党和依法治国有机统一的制度途径，是制约监督公权力、夺
取反腐败斗争彻底胜利的根本举措。
47进入新时代，建立健全党和国家监督体系的措施不断发展。
党的十九大着眼全面从严治党、提高党的执政能力和领导水平，
作出健全党和国家监督体系的战略部署。党的十九届三中全会强
调，健全党和国家监督体系，完善权力运行制约和监督机制，组
建国家、省、市、县监察委员会，同党的纪律检查机关合署办公，
实现党内监督和国家机关监督、党的纪律检查和国家监察有机统
一，实现对所有行使公权力的公职人员监察全覆盖。党的十九届
四中全会明确提出，必须健全党统一领导、全面覆盖、权威高效
的监督体系，增强监督严肃性、协同性、有效性，形成决策科学、
执行坚决、监督有力的权力运行机制，确保党和人民赋予的权力
始终用来为人民谋幸福。党的十九届五中全会提出，完善党和国
家监督体系，加强政治监督，强化对公权力运行的制约和监督。
坚持无禁区、全覆盖、零容忍，一体推进不敢腐、不能腐、不想
腐，营造风清气正的良好政治生态。这就进一步明确了党和国家
监督体系在中国特色社会主义制度和国家治理体系中的重要定
位，明晰了党和国家监督体系的发展方向。
当前，健全党和国家监督体系的工作重点在于：
第一，坚持和加强党的全面领导，自觉维护党中央权威和集
中统一领导，从决策部署指挥、资源力量整合、措施手段运用上，
不断强化党的全覆盖、全方位、全过程领导，落实全面从严治党
责任。
第二，完善党内监督体系。构建党中央统一领导、党委（党
48组）全面监督、纪律检查机关专责监督、党的工作部门职能监督、
党的基层组织日常监督、党员民主监督的党内监督体系。落实各
级党组织监督责任，保障党员监督权利。强化自上而下的组织监
督，改进自下而上的民主监督，发挥同级相互监督作用，加强对
党员领导干部的日常管理监督。深化政治巡视，坚持发现问题、
形成震慑不动摇，建立巡视巡察上下联动的监督网。
第三，确立集中统一、权威高效的国家监察体系。深化国家
监察体制改革，构建集中统一、权威高效的国家监察体系，组建
的国家、省、市、县监察委员会同党的纪律检查机关合署办公，
更好发挥监察机关职能作用，强化国家监察，实现对所有行使公
权力的公职人员监察全覆盖。
第四，完善有机统一、相互协调的监督体系。以党内监督为
主导，推动各类监督有机贯通、相互协调，构建科学、严密、有
效的监督网，确保党和人民赋予的权力始终在正确的轨道上运
行。强化党的自我监督和群众监督，党内监督和外部监督同向发
力。把党内监督同人大监督、民主监督、行政监督、司法监督、
群众监督、舆论监督贯通起来，推进纪律监督、监察监督、派驻
监督、巡视监督统筹衔接，发挥审计监督、统计监督职能作用，
加强各级各类监督体系的有效衔接、集成联动，增强监督合力。
第五，强化政治监督，突显党内监督的政治性，确保全党政
治上更加团结、思想上更加统一、行动上更加一致。坚持和完善
党和国家监督体系，必须守住政治监督根本定位，把“两个维护”
49作为根本政治任务，加强对党的理论和路线方针政策以及重大决
策部署贯彻落实情况的监督检查，完善巡视巡察整改、督察落实
情况报告制度。
第六，创新组织制度，坚持推进监督全覆盖。完善派驻监督
体制机制，完善巡视巡察制度、派驻制度、监察制度，把巡视利
剑擦得更亮，派驻监督要发挥“探头”作用，形成巡视、派驻、
监察三个全覆盖的权力监督格局。
第七，聚焦“关键少数”，变革监督理念。坚持紧盯“关键
少数”，重点加强对高级干部、各级主要领导干部的监督，完善
领导班子内部监督制度，破解对“一把手”监督和同级监督难题。
第八，坚持压实党委纪委责任。明确党委负主体责任、纪委
负监督责任。强化纪委监委专责监督，深化纪检监察体制改革，
加强上级纪委监委对下级纪委监委的领导，推进纪检监察工作规
范化、法治化，制定实施切实可行的责任追究制度。
说明：关于健全党和国家监督体系，需要讲清楚党和国家监
督体系的主要内容，建立健全党和国家监督体系的必要性和重要
性，明确工作重点。
统筹党政军群机构改革
在新时代，统筹党政军群机构改革，具有加强党的集中统一
领导，实现党政军群机构职能优化协同、高效运行的重要意义。
统筹党政军群机构改革，是加强党的集中统一领导、实现机构职
能优化协同高效的必然要求。这就需要统筹设置相关机构和配置
50相近职能，理顺和优化党的部门、国家机关、群团组织、事业单
位的职责，推进跨军地改革，增强党的领导力，提高政府执行力，
激发群团组织和社会组织活力，增强人民军队战斗力，使各类机
构有机衔接、相互协调。
统筹党政军群机构改革的主要目标是：构建系统完备、科学
规范、运行高效的党和国家机构职能体系，形成总揽全局、协调
各方的党的领导体系，职责明确、依法行政的政府治理体系，中
国特色、世界一流的武装力量体系，联系广泛、服务群众的群团
工作体系，推动人大、政府、政协、监察机关、审判机关、检察
机关、人民团体、企事业单位、社会组织等在党的统一领导下协
调行动、增强合力，全面提高国家治理能力和治理水平。
统筹党政军群机构改革的主要内容是：
第一，完善党政机构布局。正确理解和落实党政职责分工，
理顺党政机构职责关系，形成统一高效的领导体制，保证党实施
集中统一领导，保证其他机构协同联动、高效运行。系统谋划和
确定党政机构改革事项，统筹调配资源，减少多头管理，减少职
责分散交叉，使党政机构职能分工合理、责任明确、运转协调。
第二，深化人大、政协和司法机构改革。人民代表大会制度
是坚持党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一的根本政治
制度安排。要发挥人大及其常委会在立法工作中的主导作用，加
强人大对预算决算、国有资产管理等的监督职能，健全人大组织
制度和工作制度，完善人大专门委员会设置，更好发挥其职能作
51用。推进人民政协履职能力建设，加强人民政协民主监督，优化
政协专门委员会设置，更好发挥其作为专门协商机构的作用。
深化司法体制改革，优化司法职权配置，全面落实司法责任制，
完善法官、检察官员额制，推进以审判为中心的诉讼制度改革，
推进法院、检察院内设机构改革，提高司法公信力，更好维护
社会公平正义，努力让人民群众在每一个司法案件中感受到公
平正义。
第三，深化群团组织改革。健全党委统一领导群团工作的制
度，推动群团组织增强政治性、先进性、群众性，优化机构设置，
完善管理模式，创新运行机制，坚持眼睛向下、面向基层，将力
量配备、服务资源向基层倾斜，更好适应基层和群众需要。促进
党政机构同群团组织功能有机衔接，支持和鼓励群团组织承担适
合其承担的公共职能，增强群团组织团结教育、维护权益、服务
群众功能，更好发挥群团组织作为党和政府联系人民群众的桥梁
和纽带作用。
第四，推进社会组织改革。按照共建共治共享要求，完善党
委领导、政府负责、社会协同、公众参与、法治保障的社会治理
体制。加快实施政社分开，激发社会组织活力，克服社会组织
行政化倾向。适合由社会组织提供的公共服务和解决的事项，
由社会组织依法提供和管理。依法加强对各类社会组织的监
管，推动社会组织规范自律，实现政府治理和社会调节、居民
自治良性互动。
52第五，加快推进事业单位改革。党政军群所属事业单位是提
供公共服务的重要力量。全面推进承担行政职能的事业单位改
革，理顺政事关系，实现政事分开，不再设立承担行政职能的事
业单位。加大从事经营活动事业单位改革力度，推进事企分开。
区分情况实施公益类事业单位改革，面向社会提供公益服务的事
业单位，理顺同主管部门的关系，逐步推进管办分离，强化公益
属性，破除逐利机制；主要为机关提供支持保障的事业单位，优
化职能和人员结构，同机关统筹管理。全面加强事业单位党的建
设，完善事业单位党的领导体制和工作机制。
第六，深化跨军地改革。按照军是军、警是警、民是民原则，
深化武警部队、民兵和预备役部队跨军地改革，推进公安现役部
队改革。军队办的幼儿园、企业、农场等可以交给地方办的，原
则上交给地方办。完善党领导下统筹管理经济社会发展、国防建
设的组织管理体系、工作运行体系和政策制度体系，深化国防科
技工业体制改革，健全军地协调机制，推动军民融合深度发展，
构建一体化的国家战略体系和能力。组建退役军人管理保障机
构，协调各方面力量，更好为退役军人服务。
说明：关于统筹党政军群机构改革，需要讲清楚统筹党政军
群机构改革的重要意义、主要目标和主要内容。
巩固和发展爱国统一战线
爱国统一战线，是指中国共产党领导的、以工农联盟为基础
的，包括全体社会主义劳动者、社会主义事业建设者、拥护社会
53主义的爱国者、拥护祖国统一和致力于中华民族伟大复兴爱国者
的联盟。
中国共产党人把马克思主义基本原理与中国具体实际相结
合，在实践中创造性地提出和运用中国特色的爱国统一战线理论
和政策，取得了中国革命、建设、改革的伟大胜利和巨大成就。
实践证明，爱国统一战线是中国共产党凝聚人心、汇聚力量
的政治优势和战略方针，是夺取革命、建设、改革事业胜利的重
要法宝，是增强党的阶级基础、扩大党的群众基础、巩固党的执
政地位的重要法宝，是全面建设社会主义现代化国家、实现中华
民族伟大复兴的重要法宝。
在新时代，巩固和发展爱国统一战线，必须坚持大团结大联
合，坚持一致性和多样性统一，加强思想政治引领，广泛凝聚共
识，广聚天下英才，努力寻求最大公约数、画出最大同心圆，形
成海内外全体中华儿女心往一处想、劲往一处使的生动局面，汇
聚起实现民族复兴的磅礴力量。新时代巩固和发展爱国统一战线
的工作重点在于：
第一，高举爱国主义、社会主义旗帜，牢牢把握大团结大联
合的主题，坚持一致性和多样性统一，找到最大公约数，画出最
大同心圆。这其中，关键是坚持求同存异。一方面，不断巩固共
同思想政治基础，包括巩固已有共识、推动形成新的共识，这是
基础和前提。另一方面，充分发扬民主、尊重包容差异。对危害
中国共产党领导、危害我国社会主义政权、危害国家制度和法治、
54损害最广大人民根本利益的问题，必须旗帜鲜明反对，不能让其
以多样性的名义大行其道。
第二，坚持长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共，支
持民主党派按照中国特色社会主义参政党要求更好履行职能。坚
持和完善中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度，完善工作
机制，搭建更多平台，为民主党派和无党派人士在政协更好发挥
作用创造条件。
第三，全面贯彻党的民族政策，深化民族团结进步教育，
铸牢中华民族共同体意识，加强各民族交往交流交融，促进各
民族像石榴籽一样紧紧抱在一起，共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发
展。要培育和践行社会主义核心价值观，不断增强各族群众对
伟大祖国、中华民族、中华文化、中国共产党、中国特色社会
主义的认同。
第四，全面贯彻党的宗教工作基本方针，坚持我国宗教的中
国化方向，积极引导宗教与社会主义社会相适应。用社会主义核
心价值观引领和教育宗教界人士和信教群众，支持和引导宗教界
人士对宗教教义教规作出符合当代中国发展进步要求、符合中华
优秀文化的阐释，促进宗教界人士和信教群众对伟大祖国、中华
民族、中华文化、中国共产党、中国特色社会主义的认同。
第五，加强党外知识分子工作，做好新的社会阶层人士工作，
发挥他们在中国特色社会主义事业中的重要作用。党外知识分子
工作，是统一战线的基础性、战略性工作。做党外知识分子工作，
55不仅要增强责任意识、配强工作力量，还要改进工作方法，学会
同党外知识分子打交道特别是做思想政治工作的本领。新的社会
阶层，是中国特色社会主义事业建设的积极力量，做好新的社会
阶层人士的工作，需要从中华民族伟大复兴事业出发，以赞成、
支持和参与中国特色社会主义建设事业为基准，积极引导和团结
一切可以团结的力量，共同奋斗。
第六，构建亲清新型政商关系，促进非公有制经济健康发展
和非公有制经济人士健康成长。深化中国特色社会主义理想信念
教育实践活动，大力弘扬和践行社会主义核心价值观，引导非公
有制经济人士特别是年轻一代致富思源、富而思进，做到爱国、
敬业、创新、守法、诚信、贡献。
第七，广泛团结联系海外侨胞和归侨侨眷，共同致力于中华
民族伟大复兴。加强同海外侨胞、归侨侨眷的联系，维护他们的
合法权益，支持他们积极参与和支持祖（籍）国现代化建设与和
平统一大业，促进中国同世界各国的文化交流。
说明：关于巩固和发展爱国统一战线，需要讲清楚爱国统一
战线的主要内涵和重要意义、重点任务和实际举措。
坚持和完善党对人民军队的绝对领导制度
强国必须强军，军强才能国安。人民军队为党和人民建立了
不朽功勋，是保卫红色江山、维护民族尊严的坚强柱石，也是维
护地区和世界和平的强大力量。坚持党指挥枪、建设自己的人民
军队，是党在血与火的斗争中得出的颠扑不破的真理。中国共产
56党对人民军队的绝对领导，是在中国革命和建设的长期历史过程
中形成的根本原则，是党和国家的重要政治优势，是人民军队的
建军之本和强军之魂。
新时代必须全面贯彻习近平强军思想，贯彻新时代军事战略
方针，坚持党对人民军队的绝对领导，坚持走中国特色强军之路，
全面推进政治建军、改革强军、科技强军、人才强军、依法治军，
把人民军队建设成为世界一流军队，以更强大的能力、更可靠的
手段捍卫国家主权、安全、发展利益。坚持和完善党对人民军队
的绝对领导制度，是坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度，推进国
家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要内容，其重要性集中体现在：
第一，坚持和完善党对人民军队的绝对领导，关系人民军队
的性质和宗旨。党对人民军队的绝对领导是人民军队的建军之
本、强军之魂，党指挥枪是保持人民军队本质和宗旨的根本保障。
在长期的革命和建设实践中，人民军队之所以能够战胜各种艰难
困苦、不断从胜利走向胜利，最根本的就是靠党的领导。有了中
国共产党、有了中国共产党的领导，人民军队前进就有方向，有
力量。前进道路上，人民军队必须牢牢坚持党的绝对领导，把这
一条当作人民军队永远不能变的军魂、永远不能丢的命根子，任
何时候任何情况下都以党的旗帜为旗帜、以党的方向为方向、以
党的意志为意志。
第二，坚持和完善党对人民军队的绝对领导制度，关系社会
主义前途命运。新中国成立后，党建立了人民当家作主的社会主
57义制度，将党指挥枪的建军原则上升为国家基本军事制度，实现
了党的军队、人民的军队、社会主义国家的军队的有机统一和高
度一致，人民军队成为中国特色社会主义的坚强柱石。党对人民
军队的绝对领导制度，作为党的领导核心地位在军事领域的体
现，与人民民主专政的国体、人民代表大会制度的政体相符合、
相适应并为之服务，对于捍卫社会主义、促进改革发展稳定，起
到了不可替代的作用。
第三，坚持和完善党对人民军队的绝对领导制度，事关党和
国家长治久安。在革命年代，在党的绝对领导下，人民军队为实
现民族独立、人民解放建立了不可磨灭的功勋。新中国成立以后，
在党的绝对领导下，人民军队有效履行职能，为国家繁荣发展、
人民安居乐业提供了可靠的安全保障。进入新时代，推进国家治
理体系和治理能力现代化，必须坚持和完善党对人民军队的绝对
领导制度，使之随着中国特色社会主义制度的发展而发展，始终
成为社会主义航船在国际风云变幻中行稳致远的压舱石，确保党
长期执政、国家长治久安、中国特色社会主义事业兴旺发达。
在新时代，坚持和完善党对人民军队的绝对领导制度的工作
重点在于：
第一，坚持人民军队最高领导权和指挥权属于党中央。中央
军委实行主席负责制是坚持党对人民军队绝对领导的根本实现
形式。坚持全国武装力量由军委主席统一领导和指挥，完善贯彻
军委主席负责制的体制机制，严格落实军委主席负责制各项制度
58规定。严明政治纪律和政治规矩，坚决维护党中央、中央军委权
威，确保政令军令畅通。
第二，健全人民军队党的建设制度体系。全面贯彻政治建军
各项要求，突出抓好军魂培育，发扬优良传统。坚持党委制、政
治委员制、政治机关制，坚持党委统一的集体领导下的首长分工
负责制，坚持支部建在连上，完善党领导军队的组织体系。建设
坚强有力的党组织和高素质专业化干部队伍，确保枪杆子永远掌
握在忠于党的可靠的人手中。
第三，把党对人民军队的绝对领导贯彻到军队建设各领域全
过程。在党的绝对领导下，贯彻新时代军事战略方针，坚持战斗
力根本标准，建立健全基于联合、平战一体的军事力量运用政策
制度体系，构建新时代军事战略体系，加强联合作战指挥体系和
能力建设，调整完善战备制度，健全实战化军事训练制度，有效
塑造态势、管控危机、遏制战争、打赢战争。坚持以战领建、抓
建为战，建立健全聚焦打仗、激励创新、军民融合的军事力量建
设政策制度体系，统筹解放军现役部队和预备役部队、武装警察
部队、民兵建设，统筹军队各类人员制度安排，深化军官职业化
制度、文职人员制度、兵役制度等改革，推动形成现代化战斗力
生成模式，构建现代军事力量体系。建立健全精准高效、全面规
范、刚性约束的军事管理政策制度体系，强化军委战略管理功能，
加强中国特色军事法治建设，提高军队系统运行效能。加快军民
融合深度发展步伐，构建一体化国家战略体系和能力。完善国防
59科技创新和武器装备建设制度。深化国防动员体制改革。加强全
民国防教育。健全党政军警民合力强边固防工作机制。完善双拥
工作和军民共建机制，加强军政军民团结。
说明：关于坚持和完善党对人民军队的绝对领导制度，需要
讲清楚坚持和完善党对人民军队的绝对领导制度的重要性，新时
代坚持和完善党对人民军队的绝对领导制度的工作重点。
健全党对外事工作领导体制机制
外事工作是党和国家对外工作的重要组成部分，党对外事工
作领导体制机制的健全，是新时代我国外事工作的体制机制创
新，对于我国外事工作具有重要意义：
第一，健全党对外事工作领导体制机制，是统筹推进“五位
一体”总体布局和协调推进“四个全面”战略布局的需要。推进
“五位一体”总体布局和“四个全面”战略布局，必须在党的领
导下，做好对外工作，高举和平、发展、合作、共赢旗帜，坚持
独立自主的和平外交政策，坚持走和平发展道路，推进各领域
各层级对外交往，推动共建“一带一路”高质量发展，以中国
的新发展为世界提供新机遇，推动构建新型国际关系和人类命
运共同体。
第二，健全党对外事工作领导体制机制，是坚持和完善中国
特色社会主义制度，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的需
要。这方面的改革，必须坚持党的全面领导，在党中央统一部署
下，落实对外工作体制机制改革，加强驻外机构党的建设，形成
60适应新时代要求的驻外机构管理体制。
第三，健全党对外事工作领导体制机制，是统筹国内国际两
个大局、优化外事工作的需要。当前，我国正处于近代以来最好
的发展时期，世界处于百年未有之大变局，两者同步交织、相互
激荡。只有健全党对外事工作领导体制机制，才能统筹国内国际
两个大局，谋划内政与外交战略方针，实现改革开放有机结合。
只有健全党对外事工作领导体制机制，才能深入分析世界转型过
渡期国际形势的演变规律，准确把握历史交汇期我国外部环境的
基本特征，制定和贯彻科学的外交决策。只有健全党对外事工作
领导体制机制，才能深化外事工作体制机制的改革，统筹外事机
构协同高效运行，从而不断优化和推进对外工作。
在新时代，健全党对外事工作领导体制机制的工作重点在于：
第一，坚持外交大权在党中央，加强中国特色大国外交理论
建设，全面贯彻党中央外交大政方针和战略部署。外交是国家意
志的集中体现，必须坚持外交大权在党中央。
第二，做好新形势下外事工作，中央外事工作委员会要发挥
决策议事协调作用，推动外交理论和实践创新，为外事工作不断
开创新局面提供有力指导。要强化顶层设计和统筹协调，提高把
方向、谋大局、定政策能力，推进对外工作体制机制改革，加强
外事工作队伍建设，抓好重点工作的推进、检查、督办，确保党
中央对外决策部署落到实处。
第三，深入推进涉外体制机制建设，统筹协调党、人大、政
61府、政协、军队、地方、人民团体等的对外交往，加强党总揽全
局、协调各方的对外工作大协同格局。
第四，加强涉外法治工作，建立涉外工作法务制度，加强国
际法研究和运用，提高涉外工作法治化水平。
第五，地方外事工作是党和国家对外工作的重要组成部分，
对推动对外交往合作、促进地方改革发展具有重要意义。要在中
央外事工作委员会集中统一领导下，统筹做好地方外事工作，从
全局高度集中调度、合理配置各地资源，有目标、有步骤推进相
关工作。
说明：关于健全党对外事工作领导体制机制，需要讲清楚健
全党对外事工作领导体制机制的重要意义，讲清楚新时代健全党
对外事工作领导体制机制的工作重点。
健全权威高效的制度执行机制
党的十九届四中全会通过的《中共中央关于坚持和完善中国
特色社会主义制度推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化若干
重大问题的决定》提出，健全权威高效的制度执行机制，加强对
制度执行的监督，坚决杜绝做选择、搞变通、打折扣的现象。这
是党在中央全会上第一次提出要健全权威高效的制度执行机制。
其重大意义在于：
第一，权威高效的制度执行机制，是党和国家应对风险挑战、
赢得主动的重要保障。当今世界正经历百年未有之大变局，国际
形势复杂多变，改革发展稳定、内政外交国防、治党治国治军各
62方面任务之繁重前所未有，面临的风险挑战之严峻前所未有。新
时代要实现上述历史任务，全党必须坚决执行以习近平同志为核
心的党中央决策部署，这是新时代推进党的执政能力，实现国家
治理现代化的重要内容。
第二，权威高效的制度执行机制，是实现中国特色社会主义
制度显著优势的重要保障。中国特色社会主义制度显著优势，是
在坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度，推进国家治理体系和治理
能力现代化的实践中得以实现和弘扬的，更是在实施和执行这些
制度的过程中得以发扬光大的。党的十九届五中全会提出，我国
已转向高质量发展阶段，制度优势显著。因此，权威高效的制度
执行机制，既是中国特色社会主义制度显著优势的彰显途径，也
是中国特色社会主义制度优势转化为国家治理效能的实现路径。
第三，权威高效的制度执行机制，是坚持和完善中国特色社
会主义制度，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的必然要求。
制度的生命力在于执行，坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度，推
进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化，既要通过坚持和完善中国特
色社会主义制度的建设实践体现出来，更要通过中国特色社会主
义制度和国家治理体系的实际执行不断完善和推进发展。
权威高效的制度执行机制，必须确保党和国家重大决策部
署、重大工作安排都按照制度要求落到实处，切实防止各自为政、
标准不一、宽严失度等问题，充分发挥制度指引方向、规范行为、
提高效率、维护稳定、防范化解风险的重要作用。
63健全权威高效的制度执行机制，需要各级党委和政府以及各
级领导干部切实强化制度意识，带头维护制度权威，做制度执行
的表率，带动全党全社会自觉尊崇制度、严格执行制度、坚决维
护制度。通过加强思想淬炼、政治历练、实践锻炼、专业训练，
推动广大干部严格按照制度履行职责、行使权力、开展工作，提
高推进“五位一体”总体布局和“四个全面”战略布局以及担当
各项工作的能力和水平。坚持党管干部原则，落实好干部标准，
树立正确用人导向，把制度执行力和治理能力作为干部选拔任
用、考核评价的重要依据。
当前，健全权威高效的制度执行机制，需要着力做好以下
工作：
第一，加强对制度执行和实施的组织领导。要构建领导有力、
执行坚决、监督全面的制度执行领导机制，确保党中央决策部署
有效落实。
第二，构建多层次全覆盖的制度执行监督机制。切实加强对
制度执行的监督，坚决查处对制度执行做选择、搞变通、打折扣
现象。
第三，健全问责机制。不断完善科学合理权威高效的问责制
度和机制，坚持有责必问、问责必严，让制度的力量在推进国家
治理体系和治理能力现代化进程中得到充分释放。
说明：关于权威高效的制度执行机制，需要讲清楚权威高效
的制度执行机制对于党和国家发展、对于中国特色社会主义事业
64和国家治理现代化的意义，讲清楚当前建立健全权威高效的制度
执行机制的基本原则和主要着力点。

2021: Teaching the Leadership of the Communist Party III

III. Institutional Mechanism of Party Leadership

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2021: Teaching the Leadership of the Communist Party III

III. Institutional Mechanism of Party Leadership

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About 高大伟 David Cowhig

5 Responses to 2021: Teaching the Leadership of the Communist Party III

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